Card 15 / 34: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is comprised of two major disorders: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Which of the following best describes the current theory of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease?
1.) A mutation in the NOD2/CARD15 gene leads to an altered immune response to bacteria leading to intestinal inflammation.
2.) Toxic effects of nicotine in cigarette smoke cause intestinal inflammation.
3.) Infection with mycobacterium paratuberculosis causes intestinal inflammation.
4.) Combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures including infections, and a dysregulated immune response leads to intestinal inflammation.
5.) Circulating autoantibodies lead to intestinal inflammation.

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