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s 2 = ( x - x ¯ ) 2 n - 1 .

Aangesien die steekproef kwadreer word, is dit ook nie direk vergelykbaar met die gemiddeld en die datapunte self nie.

’n Algemene vraag op hierdie stadium is “Hoekom word die teller gekwadreer? Een aantwoord is: om ontslae te raak van die negatiewe tekens. Sommige punte gaan bo die gemiddeld wees en ander odner die gemiddeld. Dit sal teenproduktief wees om as hierdie positiewe en negateiewe verskille mekaar uitkanselleer.

Verskil tussen populasie variansie en steekproef variansie

Dit is duidelik dat daar onderskeid getref word tussen variansie σ 2 , van ‘n hele populasie en die variansie s 2 van ‘n steekproef van die populasie.

Wanneer daar met die hele populasie gewerk word is variansie ‘n konstante, ‘n parameter wat help om die hele populasie te beskryf. Wanneer daar met die steekproef van die populasie gewerk word varieer die variansie van steekproef tot steekproef. die steekproef variansie is slegs van belang as ‘n benadering of skatting van die populasie variansie.

Eienskappe van variansie

Die variansie is nooit negatief nie aangesien die kwadratiese terme of nul of positief is. Die eenheid van variansie is die kwadraat van die eenheid van observasie. Byvoorbeeld, die variansie van ‘n datastel van hoogtes gemeet in sentimeters sal vierkante sentimeter wees. Dit is ‘n ongerieflike eienskap en statistici kies om eerder die vierkantswortel van die variansie gebruik, wat algemeen bekend staan as die Standaard Afwyking en gebruik word as maatstaf van verspreiding.

Standaard afwyking

Aangesien die variansie ‘n kwadratiese hoeveelheid is kan dit nie direk vergelyk word met die data waardes en die gemiddeld nie. Dit is daarom meer sinvol om ‘n hoeveelheid te gebruik wat die vierkantswortel is die variansie. Hierdie hoeveelheid staan bekend as die standaard afwyking.

In statistiek is die standaard afwyking die mees algemene maatstaf van statistiese verspreiding. Standaard afwyking meet hoe uitgesprei die waardes in ‘n datastel is. Dit is ‘n maatstaf van die gemiddelde verskil tussen die waardes in ‘n datastel en die gemiddeld van die datastel. Indien die waarders soortgelyk (naby aan mekaar) is sal die standaard afwyking laag wees (nader aan nul wees). Indien die waardes beduidend verskillend (verder van mekaar) is sal die standaard afwyking hoog wees (verder van nul).

Die standaard afwyking is altyd positief en word in die selfde eenheid gemeet as die oorspronklike data. Byvoorbeeld, indien die data in meters gemeet is, sal die standaard afwyking ook in meters gemeet wees.

Populasie standaard afwyking

Laat die populasie bestaan uit n elemente { x 1 , x 2 , ... , x n } , met gemiddeld x ¯ . Due standaard afwyking van die populasie, aangedui met σ , is die vierkantswortel van die gemiddeld van die kwadraat van die verskil tussen elke data punt en die gemiddeld.

σ = ( x - x ¯ ) 2 n

Steekproef standaard afwyking

Laat die steekproef bestaan uit n elemente { x 1 , x 2 , ... , x n } , geneem van ‘n populasie met gemiddeld x ¯ . Die standaard afwyking van die steekproef, aangedui met s , is die vierkantswortel van die gemiddeld van die kwadraat van die afwykings van die steekproef gemiddeld:

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Source:  OpenStax, Siyavula textbooks: wiskunde (graad 11). OpenStax CNX. Sep 20, 2011 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11339/1.4
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