1. Home
  2. University physics volume 2
  3. Unit 2. electricity and magnetism
  4. Magnetic forces and fields
  5. Magnetic fields and lines

11.2 Magnetic fields and lines  (Page 3/8)

<< Chapter < Page
  University physics volume 2     Page 3 / 8
Chapter >> Page >

Significance

The cross product in this formula results in a third vector that must be perpendicular to the other two. Other physical quantities, such as angular momentum, also have three vectors that are related by the cross product. Note that typical force values in magnetic force problems are much larger than the gravitational force. Therefore, for an isolated charge, the magnetic force is the dominant force governing the charge’s motion.

Check Your Understanding Repeat the previous problem with the magnetic field in the x -direction rather than in the z -direction. Check your answers with RHR-1.

a. 0 N; b. 2.4 × 10 −14 k ^ N ; c. 2.4 × 10 −14 j ^ N ; d. ( 7.2 j ^ + 2.2 k ^ ) × 10 −15 N

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Representing magnetic fields

The representation of magnetic fields by magnetic field lines    is very useful in visualizing the strength and direction of the magnetic field. As shown in [link] , each of these lines forms a closed loop, even if not shown by the constraints of the space available for the figure. The field lines emerge from the north pole (N), loop around to the south pole (S), and continue through the bar magnet back to the north pole.

Magnetic field lines have several hard-and-fast rules:

  1. The direction of the magnetic field is tangent to the field line at any point in space. A small compass will point in the direction of the field line.
  2. The strength of the field is proportional to the closeness of the lines. It is exactly proportional to the number of lines per unit area perpendicular to the lines (called the areal density).
  3. Magnetic field lines can never cross, meaning that the field is unique at any point in space.
  4. Magnetic field lines are continuous, forming closed loops without a beginning or end. They are directed from the north pole to the south pole.

The last property is related to the fact that the north and south poles cannot be separated. It is a distinct difference from electric field lines, which generally begin on positive charges and end on negative charges or at infinity. If isolated magnetic charges (referred to as magnetic monopoles ) existed, then magnetic field lines would begin and end on them.

An illustration of magnetic field lines for three configurations. Figure a shows a bar magnet with a north and south pole. The field lines come out of the north pole and curve out and around to the south pole. Figure b shows north and south poles separated by a gap. The field lines again come out of the north pole, curve out, and enter the south pole. The lines are denser in the gap, and less dense outside. Figure c shows two north poles separated by a gap. Field lines come out of both poles and curve outward. The lines coming out of each pole appear as if the repel the lines coming from the other pole.
Magnetic field lines are defined to have the direction in which a small compass points when placed at a location in the field. The strength of the field is proportional to the closeness (or density) of the lines. If the interior of the magnet could be probed, the field lines would be found to form continuous, closed loops. To fit in a reasonable space, some of these drawings may not show the closing of the loops; however, if enough space were provided, the loops would be closed.

Summary

  • Charges moving across a magnetic field experience a force determined by F → = q v → × B → . The force is perpendicular to the plane formed by v → and B → .
  • The direction of the force on a moving charge is given by the right hand rule 1 (RHR-1): Sweep your fingers in a velocity, magnetic field plane. Start by pointing them in the direction of velocity and sweep towards the magnetic field. Your thumb points in the direction of the magnetic force for positive charges.
  • Magnetic fields can be pictorially represented by magnetic field lines, which have the following properties:
    1. The field is tangent to the magnetic field line.
    2. Field strength is proportional to the line density.
    3. Field lines cannot cross.
    4. Field lines form continuous, closed loops.
  • Magnetic poles always occur in pairs of north and south—it is not possible to isolate north and south poles.

Conceptual questions

Discuss the similarities and differences between the electrical force on a charge and the magnetic force on a charge.

Both are field dependent. Electrical force is dependent on charge, whereas magnetic force is dependent on current or rate of charge flow.

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

(a) Is it possible for the magnetic force on a charge moving in a magnetic field to be zero? (b) Is it possible for the electric force on a charge moving in an electric field to be zero? (c) Is it possible for the resultant of the electric and magnetic forces on a charge moving simultaneously through both fields to be zero?

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Problems

What is the direction of the magnetic force on a positive charge that moves as shown in each of the six cases?

Case a: B is out of the page, v is down. Case b: B is to the right, v is up. Case c: B is in, v is to the right. Case d: B is to the right, v is to the left. Case e: B is up, v is into the page. Case f: B is to the left, v is out of the page.

a. left; b. into the page; c. up the page; d. no force; e. right; f. down

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Repeat previous exercise for a negative charge.

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

What is the direction of the velocity of a negative charge that experiences the magnetic force shown in each of the three cases, assuming it moves perpendicular to B ?

Case a: B is out of the page, F is up. Case b: B is to the right, F is up. Case c: B is into the page, F is to the right.

a. right; b. into the page; c. down

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Repeat previous exercise for a positive charge.

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

What is the direction of the magnetic field that produces the magnetic force on a positive charge as shown in each of the three cases, assuming B → is perpendicular to v → ?

Case a: v is up, F is to the left. Case b: v is down, F is into the page. Case c: v is to the left, F is up.

a. into the page; b. left; c. out of the page

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Repeat previous exercise for a negative charge.

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

(a) Aircraft sometimes acquire small static charges. Suppose a supersonic jet has a 0.500-μC charge and flies due west at a speed of 660. m/s over Earth’s south magnetic pole, where the 8.00 × 10 −5 − T magnetic field points straight up. What are the direction and the magnitude of the magnetic force on the plane? (b) Discuss whether the value obtained in part (a) implies this is a significant or negligible effect.

a. 2.64 × 10 −8 N ; b. The force is very small, so this implies that the effect of static charges on airplanes is negligible.

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

(a) A cosmic ray proton moving toward Earth at 5.00 × 10 7 m/s experiences a magnetic force of 1.70 × 10 −16 N . What is the strength of the magnetic field if there is a 45º angle between it and the proton’s velocity? (b) Is the value obtained in part a. consistent with the known strength of Earth’s magnetic field on its surface? Discuss.

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

An electron moving at 4.00 × 10 3 m/s in a 1.25-T magnetic field experiences a magnetic force of 1.40 × 10 −16 N . What angle does the velocity of the electron make with the magnetic field? There are two answers.

10.1 ° ; 169.9 °

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

(a) A physicist performing a sensitive measurement wants to limit the magnetic force on a moving charge in her equipment to less than 1.00 × 10 −12 N . What is the greatest the charge can be if it moves at a maximum speed of 30.0 m/s in Earth’s field? (b) Discuss whether it would be difficult to limit the charge to less than the value found in (a) by comparing it with typical static electricity and noting that static is often absent.

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Questions & Answers

I'm interested in biological psychology and cognitive psychology
Tanya Reply
what does preconceived mean
sammie Reply
physiological Psychology
Nwosu Reply
How can I develope my cognitive domain
Amanyire Reply
why is communication effective
Dakolo Reply
Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
effective communication can lead to improved outcomes in various settings, including personal relationships, business environments, and educational settings. By communicating effectively, individuals can negotiate effectively, solve problems collaboratively, and work towards common goals.
it starts up serve and return practice/assessments.it helps find voice talking therapy also assessments through relaxed conversation.
miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
Wekolamo Reply
please i need answer
Wekolamo
because it helps many people around the world to understand how to interact with other people and understand them well, for example at work (job).
Manix Reply
Agreed 👍 There are many parts of our brains and behaviors, we really need to get to know. Blessings for everyone and happy Sunday!
ARC
A child is a member of community not society elucidate ?
JESSY Reply
Isn't practices worldwide, be it psychology, be it science. isn't much just a false belief of control over something the mind cannot truly comprehend?
Simon Reply
compare and contrast skinner's perspective on personality development on freud
namakula Reply
Skinner skipped the whole unconscious phenomenon and rather emphasized on classical conditioning
war
explain how nature and nurture affect the development and later the productivity of an individual.
Amesalu Reply
nature is an hereditary factor while nurture is an environmental factor which constitute an individual personality. so if an individual's parent has a deviant behavior and was also brought up in an deviant environment, observation of the behavior and the inborn trait we make the individual deviant.
Samuel
I am taking this course because I am hoping that I could somehow learn more about my chosen field of interest and due to the fact that being a PsyD really ignites my passion as an individual the more I hope to learn about developing and literally explore the complexity of my critical thinking skills
Zyryn Reply
good👍
Jonathan
and having a good philosophy of the world is like a sandwich and a peanut butter 👍
Jonathan
generally amnesi how long yrs memory loss
Kelu Reply
interpersonal relationships
Abdulfatai Reply
What would be the best educational aid(s) for gifted kids/savants?
Heidi Reply
treat them normal, if they want help then give them. that will make everyone happy
Saurabh
Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!
Jobilize.com Reply
<< Chapter < Page Page > Chapter >>
Practice Key Terms 5

Read also:

Get Jobilize Job Search Mobile App in your pocket Now!

Get it on Google Play Download on the App Store Now




Source:  OpenStax, University physics volume 2. OpenStax CNX. Oct 06, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12074/1.3
Google Play and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google Inc.

Notification Switch

Would you like to follow the 'University physics volume 2' conversation and receive update notifications?

Ask