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Wiskunde

Graad 4

Heelgetalle en hul verwantskappe

Module 3

Berekeninge met heelgetalle skriftelik en in hoofrekene

Aktiwiteit 1:

  • Om ‘n reeks tegnieke te gebruik om berekeninge met heelgetalle skriftelik en in hoofrekene uit te voer [LU 1.10]
  • Om te skat en te bereken met die selektering en gebruik van gepaste bewerkings vir die oplossing van probleme: afronding [LU1.8.1]
  • Om probleme op te los wat die vergelyking van twee of meer hoeveelhede van dieselfde soort behels (verhouding) [LU 1.7.1]
  • Om ‘n reeks strategieë te gebruik om oplossings te kontroleer en hulle redelikheid te beoordeel [LU 1.11]

SKATTING EN KONTROLERING VAN GERAAMDE ANTWOORDE

Ons het ”plekwaardes” bestudeer en nou gaan ons na die “afronding” van getalle kyk en sien hoe ons dit gebruik om:

  • geskatte antwoorde vinnig te bereken en ook
  • ons antwoorde vinnig te kontroleer.

1. SKATTING MET BEHULP VAN AFRONDING

Dink aan die volgende:

1.1 Jy ry op jou fiets na jou maat wat 10 km van jou af woon. Na 4 km bars een van jou buitebande. Waarheen gaan jy stap om dit reg te maak – terug na jou eie huis of gaan jy tot by jou maat se huis stap?

Natuurlik sal jy na jou eie huis terug stap – dis nader. 4 is nader aan 0 as aan 10.

1.2 Sê nou dat die band na 6 km bars. Sal jy weer besluit om terug huis toe te gaan of sal jy aanstap na jou maat se huis toe?

Ja, hierdie keer sal jy na jou maat se huis toe stap – dis nader.

6 is nader aan 10 as aan 0.

1.3 Hierdie keer bars die band nadat jy presies 5 km gery het. Sal jy besluit om terug huis toe te gaan of sal jy na jou maat se huis toe aanstap?

In Wiskunde rond jy altyd opwaarts af indien die laaste syfer 5 is.

  • Voltooi die volgende tabel:
Getal Afronding tot die naaste 10
54
1 345
278
978
245
1 133
684

1.5 Nou gaan ons “afronding” gebruik om 'n benaderde antwoord vinnig vir die volgende somme te bereken, en daarna sal ons die presiese antwoord bereken en die verskil tussen die twee antwoorde bereken. Vul in wat in die kolomme ontbreek:

Som Getalle afgerond tot die naaste 10 Geskatte antwoord Presiese antwoord Verskil tussen die 2 antwoorde
24 + 36 20 + 40
52 + 48 50 + 50
33 + 52
79 + 23
17 + 47
125 + 46
411 + 732

1.6 Kyk na die somme wat jy so pas voltooi het. In watter van hierdie somme was die geskatte en die werklike antwoorde taamlik ver van mekaar, en hoekom was dit so?

AFRONDING TOT DIE NAASTE 100:

1.7 Voltooi die volgende tabel.

Getal Afgerond tot die naaste 100
256
304
549
1 207
1 399

AFRONDING TOT DIE NAASTE 1 000:

1

1.8 Voltooi die tabel hieronder. Indien jy onseker voel, kan jy die diagram in 1.9 raadpleeg.

Getal Getal afgerond tot die naaste 1 000
500
1 702
4 089
723
1 055
276

1.9 Gebruik afronding om antwoorde vir die volgende somme te skat. Daarna moet jy die korrekte antwoord bereken.

Die som met die presiese antwoord. Die som met die getalle tot die naaste 10 afgerond en die geskatte antwoord.
873 + 46
934 - 87

2. WOORDSOMME

  • Kom ons kyk hoe goed ons woordsomme sonder ‘n sakrekenaar kan oplos. Kontroleer dat jou antwoorde redelik is deur die getalle af te rond. Onthou dat jou finale antwoorde presies moet wees. Die getalle is nie baie groot nie en die somme is redelik eenvoudig, maar jy moet versigtig lees. Skryf wat nodig is om te skryf en onthou om woorde by jou antwoorde te skryf. Wanneer jy die werk voltooi het, kan jy jou bevindings met dié van ‘n maat vergelyk. Geniet hierdie taak!

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Source:  OpenStax, Wiskunde graad 4. OpenStax CNX. Sep 18, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11100/1.1
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