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How are the polar axes different from the x - and y -axes of the Cartesian plane?

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Explain how polar coordinates are graphed.

Determine θ for the point, then move r units from the pole to plot the point. If r is negative, move r units from the pole in the opposite direction but along the same angle. The point is a distance of r away from the origin at an angle of θ from the polar axis.

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How are the points ( 3 , π 2 ) and ( 3 , π 2 ) related?

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Explain why the points ( 3 , π 2 ) and ( 3 , π 2 ) are the same.

The point ( 3 , π 2 ) has a positive angle but a negative radius and is plotted by moving to an angle of π 2 and then moving 3 units in the negative direction. This places the point 3 units down the negative y -axis. The point ( 3 , π 2 ) has a negative angle and a positive radius and is plotted by first moving to an angle of π 2 and then moving 3 units down, which is the positive direction for a negative angle. The point is also 3 units down the negative y -axis.

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Algebraic

For the following exercises, convert the given polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates with r > 0 and 0 θ 2 π . Remember to consider the quadrant in which the given point is located when determining θ for the point.

( 5 , π )

( 5 , 0 )

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( 3 , π 6 )

( 3 3 2 , 3 2 )

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For the following exercises, convert the given Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates with r > 0 , 0 θ < 2 π . Remember to consider the quadrant in which the given point is located.

( 4 , 2 )

( 2 5 ,   0.464 )

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( 3 , −5 )

( 34 , 5.253 )

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( 8 , 8 )

( 8 2 , π 4 )

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For the following exercises, convert the given Cartesian equation to a polar equation.

y = 2 x 4

r = s i n θ 2 c o s 4 θ 3

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x 2 + y 2 = 3 x

r = 3 cos θ

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x 2 y 2 = 3 y

r = 3 sin θ cos ( 2 θ )

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x 2 = 9 y

r = 9 sin θ cos 2 θ

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9 x y = 1

r = 1 9 cos θ sin θ

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For the following exercises, convert the given polar equation to a Cartesian equation. Write in the standard form of a conic if possible, and identify the conic section represented.

r = 4 cos θ

x 2 + y 2 = 4 x or ( x 2 ) 2 4 + y 2 4 = 1 ; circle

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r = 4 sin θ + 7 cos θ

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r = 6 cos θ + 3 sin θ

3 y + x = 6 ; line

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r = 3 csc θ

y = 3 ; line

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r 2 = 4 sec θ csc θ

x y = 4 ; hyperbola

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r 2 = 4

x 2 + y 2 = 4 ; circle

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r = 1 4 cos θ 3 sin θ

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r = 3 cos θ 5 sin θ

x 5 y = 3 ; line

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Graphical

For the following exercises, find the polar coordinates of the point.

For the following exercises, plot the points.

For the following exercises, convert the equation from rectangular to polar form and graph on the polar axis.

5 x y = 6

r = 6 5 cos θ sin θ

Plot of given line in the polar coordinate grid
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x 2 + ( y 1 ) 2 = 1

r = 2 sin θ

Plot of given circle in the polar coordinate grid
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( x + 2 ) 2 + ( y + 3 ) 2 = 13

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x 2 + y 2 = 3 x

r = 3 cos θ

Plot of given circle in the polar coordinate grid.
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For the following exercises, convert the equation from polar to rectangular form and graph on the rectangular plane.

r = 4

x 2 + y 2 = 16

Plot of circle with radius 4 centered at the origin in the rectangular coordinates grid.
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r = −10 sin θ

x 2 + ( y + 5 ) 2 = 25

Plot of circle with radius 5 centered at (0,-5).
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Technology

Use a graphing calculator to find the rectangular coordinates of ( 2 , π 5 ) . Round to the nearest thousandth.

( 1.618 , 1.176 )

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Use a graphing calculator to find the rectangular coordinates of ( 3 , 3 π 7 ) . Round to the nearest thousandth.

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Use a graphing calculator to find the polar coordinates of ( 7 , 8 ) in degrees. Round to the nearest thousandth.

( 10.630 , 131.186° )

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Use a graphing calculator to find the polar coordinates of ( 3 , 4 ) in degrees. Round to the nearest hundredth.

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Use a graphing calculator to find the polar coordinates of ( 2 , 0 ) in radians. Round to the nearest hundredth.

( 2 , 3.14 ) o r ( 2 , π )

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Extensions

Describe the graph of r = a sec θ ; a > 0.

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Describe the graph of r = a sec θ ; a < 0.

A vertical line with a units left of the y -axis. 

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Describe the graph of r = a csc θ ; a > 0.

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Describe the graph of r = a csc θ ; a < 0.

A horizontal line with a units below the x -axis.

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What polar equations will give an oblique line?

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For the following exercise, graph the polar inequality.

θ = π 4 , r 2

Graph of ray starting at (2, pi/4) and extending in a positive direction along pi/4 - polar coordinate grid.
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θ = π 4 , r −3

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0 θ π 3 , r < 2

Graph of the shaded region 0 to pi/3 from r=0 to 2 with the edge not included (dotted line) - polar coordinate grid
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π 6 < θ π 3 , 3 < r < 2

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Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
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cm
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A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
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Can you compute that for me. Ty
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what is inorganic
emma
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
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chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.
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A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
Krampah Reply
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
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you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
Samuel Reply
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Joseph Reply
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
Joseph
"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
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answer
Magreth
progressive wave
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Mujahid
A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
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Who can show me the full solution in this problem?
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Source:  OpenStax, Precalculus. OpenStax CNX. Jan 19, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11667/1.6
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