18.1 Resistance  (Page 31/2)

Resistance

In Grade 10, you learnt about resistors and were introduced to circuits where resistors were connected in series and circuits where resistors were connected in parallel. In a series circuit there is one path for the current to flow through. In a parallel circuit there are multiple paths for the current to flow through.

Equivalent resistance

When there is more than one resistor in a circuit, we are usually able to calculate the total combined resitance of all the resistors. The resistance of the single resistor is known as equivalent resistance .

Equivalent series resistance

Consider a circuit consisting of three resistors and a single cell connected in series.

The first principle to understand about series circuits is that the amount of current is the same through any component in the circuit. This is because there is only one path for electrons to flow in a series circuit. From the way that the battery is connected, we can tell which direction the current will flow. We know that current flows from positive to negative, by convention. Current in this circuit will flow in a clockwise direction, from point A to B to C to D and back to A.

So, how do we use this knowledge to calculate the total resistance in the circuit?

We know that in a series circuit the current has to be the same in all components. So we can write:

We also know that total voltage of the circuit has to be equal to the sum of the voltages over all three resistors. So we can write:

Finally, we know that Ohm's Law has to apply for each resistor individually, which gives us:

Therefore:

However, because

, we can further simplify this to:

Further, we can write an Ohm's Law relation for the entire circuit:

Therefore:

Equivalent resistance in a series circuit, $R_s$

For $n$ resistors in series the equivalent resistance is:

$$R_s=R_1+R_2+R_3+\cdots +R_n$$

You can use the following simulation to test this result and all other results in this chapter.

Let us apply this to the following circuit.

The resistors are in series, therefore:

Equivalent parallel resistance

Consider a circuit consisting of a single cell and three resistors that are connected in parallel.