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Recall that for image compression (see The 2-band Filter Bank ), the purpose of the 2-band filter bank in the Haar transform is tocompress most of the signal energy into the low-frequency band.
We may achieve greater compression if the low brand is further split into two. This may be repeated a number of times to givethe binary filter tree, shown with 4 levels in .
In 1-D, this is analogous to the way the 2-D Haar transform was extended to the multi-level Haar transform .
For an -sample input vector , the sizes and bandwidths of the signals of the 4-level filter tree are:
Signal | No. of samples | Approximate pass band |
---|---|---|
Because of the downsampling (decimation) by 2 at each level, the total number of output samples = , regardless of the number of levels in the tree.
The filter is normally designed to be a lowpass filter with a passband from 0 to approximately of the input sampling frequency for that stage; and is a highpass (bandpass) filter with a pass bandapproximately from to of the input sampling frequency.
When formed into a 4-level tree, the filter outputs have the approximate pass bands given in . The final output is a lowpass signal, while the other outputs are all bandpass signals, each covering a band of approximately oneoctave.
An inverse tree, mirroring , may be constructed using filters and instead of and , as shown for just one level in part (b) of this figure . If the PR conditions of this previous equation and this previous equation are satisfied, then the output of each level will be identical to the input of the equivalent level in , and the final output will be a perfect reconstruction of the input signal.
To calculate the impulse and frequency responses for a multistage network with downsampling at each stage, as in , we must first derive an important theorem for multirate filters.
The downsample-filter-upsample operation of (a) is equivalent to either the filter-downsample-upsample operation of (b) or the downsample-upsample-filter operation of (c), if the filter is changed from to .
From (a):
This describes the operations of (b). Hence the first result is proved.
The result from line 3 in
It can be shown that:
Using the result of , can be redrawn as in with all downsamplers moved to the outputs. (Note requires much more computation than .)
We can now calculate the transfer function to each output (before the downsamplers) as:
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