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SOSIALE WETENSKAPPE: AARDRYKSKUNDE

Graad 9

KAARTWERK

Module 12

Herkenning van topografiese kenmerke op vertikale lugfoto’s en ortofotokaarte

Herkenning van topografiese kenmerke op vertikale lugfoto’s en ortofotokaarte

Die herkenning van eienskappe op vertikale foto’s vereis baie oefening. Julle het al in graad 8 ‘n bietjie daarmee te doen gekry. As jy die eienskappe nie met die eerste oogopslag kan herken nie, moet agtergrondkennis ingesamel word deur sekere geografiese vrae te vra:

Waar is die gebied in die land geleë?

Watter tipe klimaat en plantegroei kom hier voor?

Watter tipe boerderyaktiwiteite kom hier voor?, ens.

Om antwoorde hiervoor en meer te kry, word ‘n atlas en ander bronne gebruik.

Die belangrikste aanwysers op fotobeelde is die volgende:

Vorm

Geometriese vorms dui mensgemaakte voorwerpe aan. Spoorlyne word aangetoon as dun lyne met geleidelike krommings en ineenvloeiings. Paaie is breër en het reghoekaansluitings. Kulturele kenmerke is egalig en volg ‘n definitiewe patroon. Natuurlike kenmerke, soos byvoorbeeld riviere wat kronkelende samevloeiings het, is onreëlmatig.

Grootte

Geboue kan dieselfde vorm hê, maar grootte toon die verskil tussen ‘n hut, ‘n huis en ‘n fabriek aan. Padwydtes is gewoonlik baie duidelik.

Skaduwees

Hoë, dun voorwerpe soos kerktorings, telefoonpale, vuurtorings en fabriekskoorstene kan te klein wees om direk van bo af te sien. Hul skaduwees dui hul ligging en vorm aan.

Lang skaduwees verberg egter sekere kenmerke, dus moet lugfoto’s nie te vroeg soggens of laat in die namiddag geneem word nie. Die beste tyd om lugfoto’s te neem is gewoonlik tussen 10:00 en 14:00.

Skaduwees dui ook rigting aan en dit help die kaartleser om die foto te oriënteer. In die Suidelike Halfrond wys skaduwees gewoonlik suidwaarts.

AKTIWITEIT 1

[LU 1.4]

Die son kom in die ooste op en gaan in die weste onder. Vertikale lugfoto’s moet gewoonlik twee uur voor en twee uur na 12:00 geneem word. In watter rigting sal die skaduwees gedurende hierdie tyd val?

Soggens:

Smiddae:

Skakering

Die skakering op ‘n foto hang af van die hoogte van die son en die hoeveelheid lig wat deur die gefotografeerde voorwerp weerkaats word. Die volgende is ‘n paar nuttige voorbeelde om skakerings op die proef te stel:

Donker Ligter Rede
Oneffe oppervlaktes Gladde oppervlaktes Gladde oppervlaktes weerspieël lig, terwyl oneffe oppervlaktes lig absorbeer.
Helder water Troebel water Lig dring helder water binne, maar word deur troebel water weerkaats.
Staande water Golwende waters Golwe veroorsaak verspreide ligweerkaatsing.
Nat grond Droë grond Nat grond absorbeer meer lig.
Plantegroeibedekking Kaaltes Plantegroeibedekking absorbeer lig (sand lyk wit).
Geploegde landerye Braakland Ploeëry breek die weerkaatsingsoppervlak in kleiner deeltjies op.
Gevestigde gewasse Jong gesaaides Groter gewasse absorbeer meer lig.
Riviere Paaie Teerpaaie lyk wit, omdat hulle lig weerkaats (selfs al lyk hulle vir ons op die grond donker).

Tekstuur

Tekstuur dui grondgebruik- of grondbedekkingspatrone aan. Sitrusboorde het byvoorbeeld ‘n growwer tekstuur as mielielande. Sand lyk glad, terwyl ruigtes/bossieveld wollerig voorkom.

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Source:  OpenStax, Aardrykskunde graad 9. OpenStax CNX. Sep 14, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11054/1.1
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