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Sosiale wetenskappe: aardrykskunde

Graad 7

Bevolkingsgroei en verandering

Module 8

Hoe is die demografie van die wêreld op die lang termyn deur migrasie beïnvloed?

1. Kolonisasie en slawerny het ‘n belangrike rol gespeel om die wêreldbevolking soos ons dit vandag ken, te vorm.

Slawerny kan as ‘n vorm van gedwonge migrasie gesien word, om dit sag te stel. Hoewel slawerny in die Bybelse tyd reeds bekend was, was die vier eeue tussen 1450 en 1850 in die vorige millennium berug vir die grootskaalse handel in slawe. Die Arabiere, Britte, Nederlanders, Portugese, Spanjaarde, Franse en Dene het slawe, meestal in Afrika, maar ook in die Ooste, gekoop en in klein getalle in Europa, maar veral in die nuwe kolonies van Europese lande verkoop.

Die kolonies waarvan gepraat word, is grondgebied wat veral Europese nasies in nuut ontdekte (vir die Europeërs) gebiede tussen 1500 en 1900 met verdrae, anneksering of oorloë bekom het. Die feit dat Europese tale soos Spaans en Engels en in ‘n mindere mate Frans vandag oor die hele wêreld gepraat word, ook die Engels in ons eie land, is die gevolg van kolonisasie. Noord-Amerika, Suid-Amerika, Afrika, groot dele van Asië, Australië en Nieu Seeland is onder Europese nasies “verdeel”.

Die gevolg van die praktyk van kolonialisme en slawerny, sien ons vandag baie maklik raak.

  • Atlete wat vir die eindrondte van die 100 m op die Olimpiese Spele aantree, is baiekeer almal swart en praat Engels, maar verteenwoordig selde ‘n Afrika-staat. Hulle verteenwoordig meesal die VSA, Kanada, van die eilandstate bekend as die Wes-Indiese Eilande, en so meer. Hierdie atlete se voorouers is in die meeste gevalle as slawe na die land weggevoer wat hulle vandag verteenwoordig.
  • Kolonies wat onafhanklik geword het, se burgers kon sonder veel moeite na die “moederland” (waarvandaan die koloniale maghebbers gekom het) emigreer, en so het baie mense uit bv. Indië, Afrika en die Wes-Indiese Eilande in Brittanje en Europese state gaan woon.
  • In ons eie land sien ons die nalatenskap van slawerny en kolonialisme in die samestelling van ons bevolking.

2. Hedendaagse migrasiepatrone

Julle het reeds kennis geneem dat baie Wes-Europese nasies, soos Duitsland en die Skandinawiese lande, “ou” bevolkings het. Sulke lande ondervind dikwels probleme om genoeg werkers (op alle vlakke) te kry. Ook lande met ‘n besonder hoë ekonomiese groeikoers benodig baiekeer geskoolde en ongeskoolde arbeid om die groei te kan volhou. Aan die anderkant soek mense uit lande met ‘n vinnig groeiende bevolking, maar ‘n “dooie” ekonomie, hul heil in ander lande. Hedendaagse migrasiepatrone word dus meestal deur ekonomiese oorwegings bepaal.

En behalwe dat daar min jongmense is wat tot die arbeidsmark in veral Duitsland toetree, was die Duitsers vir ‘n paar dekades al nie juis lief vir handearbeid nie. Om die probleem van ‘n tekort aan werkers op te los, is duisende mense uit “arm” lande toegelaat om in Duitsland te werk. Dié mense se gesinne het later by hulle aangesluit, en vandag maak mense van Turkse afkoms ‘n beduidende deel van die Duitse bevolking uit. Turks is ook naas Duits die taal wat die meeste deur permanente inwoners in Duitsland gepraat word.

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Source:  OpenStax, Aardrykskunde graad 7. OpenStax CNX. Sep 09, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11020/1.1
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