2.3 Sustainability and public policy  (Page 2/2)

Sustainability as a driver of environmental policy

The level of complexity illustrated by the acid rain problem can be found in a great many other environmental problems today, among them:

• Hypoxic conditions in coastal regions of the world caused by excessive release of nutrients, principally dissolved nitrogen and phosphorous from artificial fertilizer applied to crops (in addition to the Gulf of Mexico and Chesapeake Bay in the United States, there are over 400 such areas worldwide ),
• Stratospheric ozone depletion caused by the release of certain classes of chlorofluorocarbon compounds used as propellants and refrigerants (with increases in the incident of skin cancers and cataracts),
• Urbanization and sprawl , whereby the population density in urban areas, with its attendant problems (degradation of air and water quality, stormwater management , habitat destruction, infrastructure renewal, health care needs, traffic congestion, loss of leisure time, issues of social equality), continues to grow (for example eighty percent of the population of the United States, about fifty percent of global, now lives in urban regions),
• Global climate change , and its resultant impacts (increases in temperature and storm and flooding frequency, ocean acidification , displacement of human populations, loss of biodiversity, sea-level rise), caused by the human-induced emission of greenhouse gases .

Problems such as these, which require highly integrated solutions that include input from many disciplines and stakeholders, have been termed "wicked" ( Batie, 2008 ; Kreuter, DeRosa, Howze,&Baldwin, 2004 ). Wicked problems have certain key characteristics:

• There is not universal agreement on what the problem is – different stakeholders define it differently.
• There is no defined end solution, the end will be assessed as "better" or "worse."
• The problem may change over time.
• There is no clear stopping rule – stakeholders, political forces and resource availability will make that determination on the basis of "judgments."
• The problem is associated with high uncertainty of both components and outcomes.
• Values and societal goals are not necessarily shared by those defining the problem or those attempting to make the problem better.

Wicked problems are not confined to environmental issues, for example the same characteristics arise for problems such as food safety, health care disparities, and terrorism, but in the context of environmental policy they create the need to reassess policy approaches and goals, laws and regulations, as well as methods and models for integrated research.

Table The Evolution of U.S. Environmental Policy summarizes the major attributes of U.S. environmental policy as it has evolved over the past two centuries. To most observers it would seem to be true that advances in public policy, in any realm, are driven by problems, real and perceived, that require systemic solutions. Environmental policy is no exception. Early conservationists were alarmed at the inefficiencies of human resource management and the encroachment of humans on unspoiled lands. During the 20 ^th century many groups: scientists, economists, politicians, and ordinary citizens, became alarmed and fearful of the consequences of toxic pollutant loads to the environment that included localized effects on human health and well-being. And now, as we proceed into the 21 ^st century, an array of complex problems that have the potential to alter substantially the structure and well-being of large segments of human societies, calls for a renewal and reassessment of our approach to environmental policy. This has, thus far, proven to be a difficult transition. Many of these complex problems have multiple causes and impacts, affect some groups of people more than others, are economically demanding, and are often not as visibly apparent to casual observers as previous impacts, nor are the benefits perceived to be commensurate with costs. Devising a regulatory strategy for such problems requires an adaptive and flexible approach that current laws do not foster.

References

Batie, S. S. (2008, December). Wicked problems and applied economics. American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 90 , 1176-1191 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8276.2008.01202.x

Fiksel, J., Graedel, T., Hecht, A. D., Rejeski, D., Saylor, G. S., Senge, P. M., Swackhamer, D. L.,&Theis, T. L. (2009). EPA at 40: Bringing environmental protection into the 21 ^st century. Environmental Science and Technology, 43 , 8716-8720. doi: 10.1021/es901653f

Kreuter, M. W., DeRosa, C., Howze, E. H.,&Baldwin, G. T. (2004, August). Understanding wicked problems: A key to advancing environmental health promotion. Health, Education and Behavior , 31 , 441-54. doi: 10.1177/1090198104265597