8.7 Parametric equations: graphs (Page 5/4)

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In this section you will:

Graph plane curves described by parametric equations by plotting points.
Graph parametric equations.

It is the bottom of the ninth inning, with two outs and two men on base. The home team is losing by two runs. The batter swings and hits the baseball at 140 feet per second and at an angle of approximately $45°$ to the horizontal. How far will the ball travel? Will it clear the fence for a game-winning home run? The outcome may depend partly on other factors (for example, the wind), but mathematicians can model the path of a projectile and predict approximately how far it will travel using parametric equations . In this section, we’ll discuss parametric equations and some common applications, such as projectile motion problems.

Photo of a baseball batter swinging. — Parametric equations can model the path of a projectile. (credit: Paul Kreher, Flickr)

Graphing parametric equations by plotting points

In lieu of a graphing calculator or a computer graphing program, plotting points to represent the graph of an equation is the standard method. As long as we are careful in calculating the values, point-plotting is highly dependable.

How To

Given a pair of parametric equations, sketch a graph by plotting points.

Construct a table with three columns: $t, x (t), and y (t) .$
Evaluate $x$ and $y$ for values of $t$ over the interval for which the functions are defined.
Plot the resulting pairs $(x, y) .$

Sketching the graph of a pair of parametric equations by plotting points

Sketch the graph of the parametric equations $x (t) = t^{2} + 1, y (t) = 2 + t .$

Construct a table of values for $t, x (t),$ and $y (t),$ as in [link] , and plot the points in a plane.

$t$	$x (t) = t^{2} + 1$	$y (t) = 2 + t$
$- 5$	$26$	$- 3$
$- 4$	$17$	$- 2$
$- 3$	$10$	$- 1$
$- 2$	$5$	$0$
$- 1$	$2$	$1$
$0$	$1$	$2$
$1$	$2$	$3$
$2$	$5$	$4$
$3$	$10$	$5$
$4$	$17$	$6$
$5$	$26$	$7$

The graph is a parabola with vertex at the point $(1, 2),$ opening to the right. See [link] .

Graph of the given parabola opening to the right.

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Sketch the graph of the parametric equations $x = \sqrt{t}, y = 2 t + 3, 0 \leq t \leq 3.$

Graph of the given parametric equations with the restricted domain - it looks like the right half of an upward opening parabola.

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Sketching the graph of trigonometric parametric equations

Construct a table of values for the given parametric equations and sketch the graph:

\begin{array}{l} \begin{array}{l} x = 2 \cos t \\ y = 4 \sin t \end{array} \end{array}

Construct a table like that in [link] using angle measure in radians as inputs for $t,$ and evaluating $x$ and $y .$ Using angles with known sine and cosine values for $t$ makes calculations easier.

$t$	$x = 2 \cos t$	$y = 4 \sin t$
0	$x = 2 \cos (0) = 2$	$y = 4 \sin (0) = 0$
$\frac{π}{6}$	$x = 2 \cos (\frac{π}{6}) = \sqrt{3}$	$y = 4 \sin (\frac{π}{6}) = 2$
$\frac{π}{3}$	$x = 2 \cos (\frac{π}{3}) = 1$	$y = 4 \sin (\frac{π}{3}) = 2 \sqrt{3}$
$\frac{π}{2}$	$x = 2 \cos (\frac{π}{2}) = 0$	$y = 4 \sin (\frac{π}{2}) = 4$
$\frac{2 π}{3}$	$x = 2 \cos (\frac{2 π}{3}) = - 1$	$y = 4 \sin (\frac{2 π}{3}) = 2 \sqrt{3}$
$\frac{5 π}{6}$	$x = 2 \cos (\frac{5 π}{6}) = - \sqrt{3}$	$y = 4 \sin (\frac{5 π}{6}) = 2$
$π$	$x = 2 \cos (π) = - 2$	$y = 4 \sin (π) = 0$
$\frac{7 π}{6}$	$x = 2 \cos (\frac{7 π}{6}) = - \sqrt{3}$	$y = 4 \sin (\frac{7 π}{6}) = - 2$
$\frac{4 π}{3}$	$x = 2 \cos (\frac{4 π}{3}) = - 1$	$y = 4 \sin (\frac{4 π}{3}) = - 2 \sqrt{3}$
$\frac{3 π}{2}$	$x = 2 \cos (\frac{3 π}{2}) = 0$	$y = 4 \sin (\frac{3 π}{2}) = - 4$
$\frac{5 π}{3}$	$x = 2 \cos (\frac{5 π}{3}) = 1$	$y = 4 \sin (\frac{5 π}{3}) = - 2 \sqrt{3}$
$\frac{11 π}{6}$	$x = 2 \cos (\frac{11 π}{6}) = \sqrt{3}$	$y = 4 \sin (\frac{11 π}{6}) = - 2$
$2 π$	$x = 2 \cos (2 π) = 2$	$y = 4 \sin (2 π) = 0$

[link] shows the graph.

Graph of the given equations - a vertical ellipse.

By the symmetry shown in the values of $x$ and $y,$ we see that the parametric equations represent an ellipse . The ellipse is mapped in a counterclockwise direction as shown by the arrows indicating increasing $t$ values.

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Graph the parametric equations: $x = 5 \cos t, y = 3 \sin t .$

Graph of the given equations - a horizontal ellipse.

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Graphing parametric equations and rectangular form together

Graph the parametric equations $x = 5 \cos t$ and $y = 2 \sin t .$ First, construct the graph using data points generated from the parametric form . Then graph the rectangular form of the equation. Compare the two graphs.

Construct a table of values like that in [link] .

$t$	$x = 5 \cos t$	$y = 2 \sin t$
$0$	$x = 5 \cos (0) = 5$	$y = 2 \sin (0) = 0$
$1$	$x = 5 \cos (1) \approx 2.7$	$y = 2 \sin (1) \approx 1.7$
$2$	$x = 5 \cos (2) \approx −2.1$	$y = 2 \sin (2) \approx 1.8$
$3$	$x = 5 \cos (3) \approx −4.95$	$y = 2 \sin (3) \approx 0.28$
$4$	$x = 5 \cos (4) \approx −3.3$	$y = 2 \sin (4) \approx −1.5$
$5$	$x = 5 \cos (5) \approx 1.4$	$y = 2 \sin (5) \approx −1.9$
$−1$	$x = 5 \cos (−1) \approx 2.7$	$y = 2 \sin (−1) \approx −1.7$
$−2$	$x = 5 \cos (−2) \approx −2.1$	$y = 2 \sin (−2) \approx −1.8$
$−3$	$x = 5 \cos (−3) \approx −4.95$	$y = 2 \sin (−3) \approx −0.28$
$−4$	$x = 5 \cos (−4) \approx −3.3$	$y = 2 \sin (−4) \approx 1.5$
$−5$	$x = 5 \cos (−5) \approx 1.4$	$y = 2 \sin (−5) \approx 1.9$

Plot the $(x, y)$ values from the table. See [link] .

Graph of the given ellipse in parametric and rectangular coordinates - it is the same thing in both images.

Next, translate the parametric equations to rectangular form. To do this, we solve for $t$ in either $x (t)$ or $y (t),$ and then substitute the expression for $t$ in the other equation. The result will be a function $y (x)$ if solving for $t$ as a function of $x,$ or $x (y)$ if solving for $t$ as a function of $y .$

\begin{array}{l} x = 5 \cos t \\ \frac{x}{5} = \cos t & Solve for \cos t . \\ y = 2 \sin t \begin{matrix}  \end{matrix} & Solve for \sin t . \\ \frac{y}{2} = \sin t \end{array}

Then, use the Pythagorean Theorem .

\begin{array}{r} \cos^{2} t + \sin^{2} t = 1 \\ {(\frac{x}{5})}^{2} + {(\frac{y}{2})}^{2} = 1 \\ \frac{x^{2}}{25} + \frac{y^{2}}{4} = 1 \end{array}

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Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?

Aislinn Reply

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A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance

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Can you compute that for me. Ty

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Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes

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chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.

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A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity

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2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.

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you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s

Samuel Reply

can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?

Joseph Reply

Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time

Joseph

Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing

Joseph

"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true

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answer

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progressive wave

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A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?

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Source: OpenStax, Precalculus. OpenStax CNX. Jan 19, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11667/1.6

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