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9.8 Superconductivity  (Page 3/12)

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Figure shows a vertical bar with alternately placed blue and gray squares, one on top of the other. The blue squares are labeled normal and the gray ones are labeled superconducting. Arrows enter from the left and converge together to pass through just the normal squares. On the right of the bar, they diverge.
A schematic representation of the mixed state of a type II superconductor. Superconductors (the gray squares) expel magnetic fields in their vicinity.

Niobium wire

In an experiment, a niobium (Nb) wire of radius 0.25 mm is immersed in liquid helium ( T = 4.2 K ) and required to carry a current of 300 A. Does the wire remain superconducting?

Strategy

The applied magnetic field can be determined from the radius of the wire and current. The critical magnetic field can be determined from [link] , the properties of the superconductor, and the temperature. If the applied magnetic field is greater than the critical field, then superconductivity in the Nb wire is destroyed.

Solution

At T = 4.2 K , the critical field for Nb is, from [link] and [link] ,

B c ( 4.2 K ) = B c ( 0 ) [ 1 − ( 4.2 K 9.3 K ) 2 ] = ( 0.20 T ) ( 0.80 ) = 0.16 T.

In an earlier chapter, we learned the magnetic field inside a current-carrying wire of radius a is given by

B = μ 0 I 2 π a ,

where r is the distance from the central axis of the wire. Thus, the field at the surface of the wire is μ 0 I r 2 π a . For the niobium wire, this field is

B = ( 4 π × 10 −7 T m/A ) ( 300 A ) 2 π ( 2.5 × 10 −4 m ) = 0.24 T .

Since this exceeds the critical 0.16 T, the wire does not remain superconducting.

Significance

Superconductivity requires low temperatures and low magnetic fields. These simultaneous conditions are met less easily for Nb than for many other metals. For example, aluminum superconducts at temperatures 7 times lower and magnetic fields 18 times lower.

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Check Your Understanding What conditions are necessary for superconductivity?

a low temperature and low magnetic field

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Theory of superconductors

A successful theory of superconductivity was developed in the 1950s by John Bardeen , Leon Cooper , and J. Robert Schrieffer , for which they received the Nobel Prize in 1972. This theory is known as the BCS theory    . BCS theory is complex, so we summarize it qualitatively below.

In a normal conductor, the electrical properties of the material are due to the most energetic electrons near the Fermi energy. In 1956, Cooper showed that if there is any attractive interaction between two electrons at the Fermi level, then the electrons can form a bound state in which their total energy is less than 2 E F . Two such electrons are known as a Cooper pair    .

It is hard to imagine two electrons attracting each other, since they have like charge and should repel. However, the proposed interaction occurs only in the context of an atomic lattice. A depiction of the attraction is shown in [link] . Electron 1 slightly displaces the positively charged atomic nuclei toward itself as it travels past because of the Coulomb attraction. Electron 2 “sees” a region with a higher density of positive charge relative to the surroundings and is therefore attracted into this region and, therefore indirectly, to electron 1. Because of the exclusion principle, the two electrons of a Cooper pair must have opposite spin.

A grid containing 25 red dots is shown. There are 5 columns and 5 rows, each connected by a lattice frame in the background. There is a point between 4 of the dots labeled electron 1, where an arrow comes from each surrounding dot, then another arrow points upward. 2 rows below, another point is labeled electron 2 and has an arrow also pointing upward.
A Cooper pair can form as a result of the displacement of positive atomic nuclei. Electron 1 slightly displaces the positively charged atomic nuclei toward itself as it travels past because of the Coulomb attraction. Electron 2 “sees” a region with a higher density of positive charge relative to the surroundings and is therefore attracted into this region.
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Source:  OpenStax, University physics volume 3. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12067/1.4
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