Birefringent materials, such as the common mineral calcite, split unpolarized beams of light into two with two different values of index of refraction.
Summary
Polarization is the attribute that wave oscillations have a definite direction relative to the direction of propagation of the wave. The direction of polarization is defined to be the direction parallel to the electric field of the EM wave.
Unpolarized light is composed of many rays having random polarization directions.
Unpolarized light can be polarized by passing it through a polarizing filter or other polarizing material. The process of polarizing light decreases its intensity by a factor of 2.
The intensity,
I , of polarized light after passing through a polarizing filter is
, where
is the incident intensity and
is the angle between the direction of polarization and the axis of the filter.
Polarization is also produced by reflection.
Brewster’s law states that reflected light is completely polarized at the angle of reflection
, known as Brewster’s angle.
Polarization can also be produced by scattering.
Several types of optically active substances rotate the direction of polarization of light passing through them.
No light passes through two perfect polarizing filters with perpendicular axes. However, if a third polarizing filter is placed between the original two, some light can pass. Why is this? Under what circumstances does most of the light pass?
When particles scattering light are much smaller than its wavelength, the amount of scattering is proportional to
. Does this mean there is more scattering for small
than large
? How does this relate to the fact that the sky is blue?
Using the information given in the preceding question, explain why sunsets are red.
Sunsets are viewed with light traveling straight from the Sun toward us. When blue light is scattered out of this path, the remaining red light dominates the overall appearance of the setting Sun.
When light is reflected at Brewster’s angle from a smooth surface, it is
polarized parallel to the surface. Part of the light will be refracted into the surface. Describe how you would do an experiment to determine the polarization of the refracted light. What direction would you expect the polarization to have and would you expect it to be
?
economics theory describes individual behavior as the result of a process of optimization under constraints the objective to be reached being determined by
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Economics is a branch of social science that deal with How to wise use of resource ,s
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need
WARKISA
Economic Needs: In economics, needs are goods or services that are necessary for maintaining a certain standard of living. This includes things like healthcare, education, and transportation.
Money market is a branch or segment of financial market where short-term debt instruments are traded upon. The instruments in this market includes Treasury bills, Bonds, Commercial Papers, Call money among other.
