and is independent of the surface
S through which the current
I is measured.
We can now examine this modified version of Ampère’s law to confirm that it holds independent of whether the surface
or the surface
in
[link] is chosen. The electric field
corresponding to the flux
in
[link] is between the capacitor plates. Therefore, the
field and the displacement current through the surface
are both zero, and
[link] takes the form
We must now show that for surface
through which no actual current flows, the displacement current leads to the same value
for the right side of the Ampère’s law equation. For surface
the equation becomes
Gauss’s law for electric charge requires a closed surface and cannot ordinarily be applied to a surface like
alone or
alone. But the two surfaces
and
form a closed surface in
[link] and can be used in Gauss’s law. Because the electric field is zero on
, the flux contribution through
is zero. This gives us
Therefore, we can replace the integral over
in
[link] with the closed Gaussian surface
and apply Gauss’s law to obtain
Thus, the modified Ampère’s law equation is the same using surface
where the right-hand side results from the displacement current, as it is for the surface
where the contribution comes from the actual flow of electric charge.
Displacement current in a charging capacitor
A parallel-plate capacitor with capacitance
C whose plates have area
A and separation distance
d is connected to a resistor
R and a battery of voltage
V . The current starts to flow at
. (a) Find the displacement current between the capacitor plates at time
t . (b) From the properties of the capacitor, find the corresponding real current
, and compare the answer to the expected current in the wires of the corresponding
RC circuit.
Strategy
We can use the equations from the analysis of an
RC circuit (
Alternating-Current Circuits ) plus Maxwell’s version of Ampère’s law.
Solution
The voltage between the plates at time
t is given by
Let the
z -axis point from the positive plate to the negative plate. Then the
z -component of the electric field between the plates as a function of time
t is
Therefore, the z-component of the displacement current
between the plates is
where we have used
for the capacitance.
From the expression for
the charge on the capacitor is
The current into the capacitor after the circuit is closed, is therefore
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miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
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Samuel
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