2.4 Distribution of molecular speeds  (Page 5/9)

(a) Use the ideal gas equation to estimate the temperature at which 1.00 kg of steam (molar mass $M=18.0\text{g/mol}$ ) at a pressure of $1.50\times {10}^6\text{Pa}$ occupies a volume of $0.220{\text{m}}^3$ . (b) The van der Waals constants for water are $a=0.5537\text{Pa}·{\text{m}}^6\text{/}{\text{mol}}^2$ and $b=3.049\times {10}^{\mathrm{-5}}{\text{m}}^3\text{/}\text{mol}$ . Use the Van der Waals equation of state to estimate the temperature under the same conditions. (c) The actual temperature is 779 K. Which estimate is better?

One process for decaffeinating coffee uses carbon dioxide $(M=44.0\text{g/mol})$ at a molar density of about $\mathrm{14,600}{\text{mol/m}}^3$ and a temperature of about $60\text{°}\text{C}$ . (a) Is CO ₂ a solid, liquid, gas, or supercritical fluid under those conditions? (b) The van der Waals constants for carbon dioxide are $a=0.3658\text{Pa}·{\text{m}}^6\text{/}{\text{mol}}^2$ and $b=4.286\times {10}^{\mathrm{-5}}{\text{m}}^3\text{/}\text{mol}\text{.}$ Using the van der Waals equation, estimate the pressure of ${\text{CO}}_2$ at that temperature and density.

On a winter day when the air temperature is $0\text{°C},$ the relative humidity is $50\%$ . Outside air comes inside and is heated to a room temperature of $20\text{°C}$ . What is the relative humidity of the air inside the room. (Does this problem show why inside air is so dry in winter?)

On a warm day when the air temperature is $30\text{°C}$ , a metal can is slowly cooled by adding bits of ice to liquid water in it. Condensation first appears when the can reaches $15\text{°C}$ . What is the relative humidity of the air?

(a) People often think of humid air as “heavy.” Compare the densities of air with $0\%$ relative humidity and $100\%$ relative humidity when both are at 1 atm and $30\text{°C}$ . Assume that the dry air is an ideal gas composed of molecules with a molar mass of 29.0 g/mol and the moist air is the same gas mixed with water vapor. (b) As discussed in the chapter on the applications of Newton’s laws, the air resistance felt by projectiles such as baseballs and golf balls is approximately $F_{\text{D}}=C\rho A{v}^2\text{/}2$ , where $\rho$ is the mass density of the air, A is the cross-sectional area of the projectile, and C is the projectile’s drag coefficient. For a fixed air pressure, describe qualitatively how the range of a projectile changes with the relative humidity. (c) When a thunderstorm is coming, usually the humidity is high and the air pressure is low. Do those conditions give an advantage or disadvantage to home-run hitters?

The mean free path for helium at a certain temperature and pressure is $2.10\times {10}^{\mathrm{-7}}\text{m}\text{.}$ The radius of a helium atom can be taken as $1.10\times {10}^{\mathrm{-11}}\text{m}$ . What is the measure of the density of helium under those conditions (a) in molecules per cubic meter and (b) in moles per cubic meter?

The mean free path for methane at a temperature of 269 K and a pressure of $1.11\times {10}^5\text{Pa}$ is $4.81\times {10}^{\mathrm{-8}}\text{m}\text{.}$ Find the effective radius r of the methane molecule.

In the chapter on fluid mechanics, Bernoulli’s equation for the flow of incompressible fluids was explained in terms of changes affecting a small volume dV of fluid. Such volumes are a fundamental idea in the study of the flow of compressible fluids such as gases as well. For the equations of hydrodynamics to apply, the mean free path must be much less than the linear size of such a volume, $a\approx d{V}^{1\text{/}3}.$ For air in the stratosphere at a temperature of 220 K and a pressure of 5.8 kPa, how big should a be for it to be 100 times the mean free path? Take the effective radius of air molecules to be $1.88\times {10}^{\mathrm{-11}}\text{m},$ which is roughly correct for ${\text{N}}_2$ .