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Making connections: comparing gravitational and electrostatic forces

Recall that the gravitational force (Newton's law of gravitation) quantifies force as F s = G m M r 2 .

The comparison between the two forces—gravitational and electrostatic—shows some similarities and differences. Gravitational force is proportional to the masses of interacting objects, and the electrostatic force is proportional to the magnitudes of the charges of interacting objects. Hence both forces are proportional to a property that represents the strength of interaction for a given field. In addition, both forces are inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them. It may seem that the two forces are related but that is not the case. In fact, there are huge variations in the magnitudes of the two forces as they depend on different parameters and different mechanisms. For electrons (or protons), electrostatic force is dominant and is much greater than the gravitational force. On the other hand, gravitational force is generally dominant for objects with large masses. Another major difference between the two forces is that gravitational force can only be attractive, whereas electrostatic could be attractive or repulsive (depending on the sign of charges; unlike charges attract and like charges repel).

How strong is the coulomb force relative to the gravitational force?

Compare the electrostatic force between an electron and proton separated by 0 . 530 × 10 10 m size 12{0 "." "530" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "10"} } m} {} with the gravitational force between them. This distance is their average separation in a hydrogen atom.

Strategy

To compare the two forces, we first compute the electrostatic force using Coulomb's law, F = k | q 1 q 2 | r 2 size 12{F=k { {q rSub { size 8{1} } q rSub { size 8{2} } } over {r rSup { size 8{2} } } } } {} . We then calculate the gravitational force using Newton's universal law of gravitation. Finally, we take a ratio to see how the forces compare in magnitude.

Solution

Entering the given and known information about the charges and separation of the electron and proton into the expression of Coulomb's law yields

F = k | q 1 q 2 | r 2 size 12{F=k { {q rSub { size 8{1 } } q rSub { size 8{2} } } over {r rSup { size 8{2} } } } } {}
= 8.99 × 10 9 N m 2 / C 2 × ( 1.60 × 10 –19 C ) ( 1.60 × 10 –19 C ) ( 0.530 × 10 –10 m ) 2 alignl { stack { size 12{" "= left (9 "." "00 " times " 10" rSup { size 8{9} } N cdot " m" rSup { size 8{2} } /C rSup { size 8{2} } right ) times { { \( "-1" "." "60 " times " 10" rSup { size 8{"-19"} } C \) \( 1 "." "60" times " 10" rSup { size 8{"-19 "} } C \) } over { \( 0 "." "530 " times " 10" rSup { size 8{"-10"} } m \) rSup { size 8{2} } } } } {} #{} } } {}

Thus the Coulomb force is

F = 8.19 × 10 –8 N . size 12{F=" -8" "." "20 " times " 10" rSup { size 8{"-8"} } N} {}

The charges are opposite in sign, so this is an attractive force. This is a very large force for an electron—it would cause an acceleration of 8.99 × 10 22 m / s 2 size 12{9 "." "00" times "10" rSup { size 8{"22"} } {m} slash {s rSup { size 8{2} } } } {} (verification is left as an end-of-section problem).The gravitational force is given by Newton's law of gravitation as:

F G = G mM r 2 , size 12{F rSub { size 8{G} } =" G " { {"mM"} over {r rSup { size 8{2} } } } } {}

where G = 6.67 × 10 11 N m 2 / kg 2 size 12{G=6 "." "67" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "11"} } {N cdot m rSup { size 8{2} } } slash { ital "kg" rSup { size 8{2} } } } {} . Here m and M represent the electron and proton masses, which can be found in the appendices. Entering values for the knowns yields

F G = ( 6.67 × 10 11 N m 2 / kg 2 ) × ( 9.11 × 10 –31 kg ) ( 1.67 × 10 –27 kg ) ( 0.530 × 10 –10 m ) 2 = 3.61 × 10 –47 N

This is also an attractive force, although it is traditionally shown as positive since gravitational force is always attractive. The ratio of the magnitude of the electrostatic force to gravitational force in this case is, thus,

F F G = 2 . 27 × 10 39 . size 12{ { {F} over {F rSub { size 8{G} } } } =" 2" "." "27 " times " 10" rSup { size 8{"39"} } } {}

Discussion

This is a remarkably large ratio! Note that this will be the ratio of electrostatic force to gravitational force for an electron and a proton at any distance (taking the ratio before entering numerical values shows that the distance cancels). This ratio gives some indication of just how much larger the Coulomb force is than the gravitational force between two of the most common particles in nature.

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Source:  OpenStax, College physics for ap® courses. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11844/1.14
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