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Inleiding

Uitbreiding : meetkunde geskiedenis

Werk in pare of groepe en ondersoek die geskiedenis van die ontwikkeling van meetkunde in die laaste 1500 jaar. Beskryf die verskeie stadiums van ontwikkeling enhoe verskeie kulture meetkunde gebruik het om hulle lewens te verbeter.

Die werke van die volgende mense moet ondersoek word:

  1. Islamitiese meetkunde (c. 700 - 1500)
    1. Thabit ibn Qurra
    2. Omar Khayyam
    3. Sharafeddin Tusi
  2. Meetkunde in die 17de – 20ste eeue (c. 700 - 1500)

Regte piramides, regte konusse and regte sfere

’n Piramide is ‘n geometriese soliede vorm met ‘n veelhoek as basis. Die basis is gekoppel aan die ‘n punt, wat die toppunt genoem word. Twee voorbeelde van piramides kan gesien word in die linkerhandse- en middelste figure in [link] . Die regterhandse figuur het ‘n toppunt wat gekoppel is aan ‘n sirkulêre (ronde) basis, en hierdie tipe meetkundige soliede vorm word ‘n konus genoem. Konusse is soortgelyk aan piramides behalwe dat hulle basisse rond is eerder as veelhoeke.

Voorbeelde van ‘n vierkantige piramide, driehoekige piramide en ‘n konus.

Oppervlakarea van ‘n Piramide

Khan akademie video van soliede geometriese volumes

Die oppervlakarea word bereken deur die area van elke vlak individueel bymekaar te tel.

Indien ‘n konus ‘n hoogte van h het en ‘n basis radius van r , wys dat die oppervlakareas π r 2 + π r r 2 + h 2 is.

  1. Die konus het twee vlakke: die basis en die kantvlakke. Die basis is ‘n sirkel met ‘n radius van r en die kantvlakke kan oopgevlek word om ‘n sektor van ‘n sirkel te vorm.

    Die geboë oppervlak kan opgesny word in ‘n groot hoeveelheid dun driehoeke met hoogte ongeveer gelyk aan a ( a a word die skuinshoogte genoem). Die oppervlaktes van hierdie driehoeke te op tot 1 2 × basis × hoogte(van ‘n klein driehoek) wat 1 2 × 2 π r × a = π r a is

  2. a kan berekend word met die Stelling van Pythagoras. Daarom:

    a = r 2 + h 2
  3. A b = π r 2
  4. A w = π r a = π r r 2 + h 2
  5. A = A b + A w = π r 2 + π r r 2 + h 2

Volume of a Pyramid: Die volume van ‘n piramide kan bereken word deur :

V = 1 3 A h

waar A die oppervlak van die basis is en h die hoogte is.

’n Konus is soos ‘n piramide, en die volume van die konus word gegee deur:

V = 1 3 π r 2 h .

’n Vierkantige piramide het volume

V = 1 3 a 2 h

waar a die kantlengte van die vierkantige basis.

Wat is die volume van ‘n vierkantige piramide wat 3cm hoog is en ‘n kantlengte van 2cm het?

  1. Die volume vir ‘n piramide is

    V = 1 3 A h

    waar A die oppervlak van die basis is en h die hoogte van die piramide is. Vir ‘n vierkantige basis beteken dit

    V = 1 3 a a h

    waar a die kantlengte van die vierkantige basis is.

  2. = 1 3 2 2 3 = 1 3 12 = 4 cm 3

Ons aanvaar die volgende formules vir volume en oppervlak van ‘n sfeer (‘n sfeer is ‘n wiskundige term vir ‘n ronde bal).

Oppervlak = 4 π r 2 Volume = 4 3 π r 3

Oppervlak en volume

  1. Bereken die volumes en oppervlakke van die volgende soliede liggame: *Wenk vir (e): vind die loodregte hoogte met behulp van die Stelling van Pythagoras.
  2. Water beslaan ongeveer 71% van die aarde se oppervlak. Die aarde se radius is ongeveer 3678 km. Wat is die totale oppervlak wat deur land beslaan word? (oppervlakte wat nie deur water beslaan word nie)?
  3. ‘n Driehoekige piramide word bo-op driehoekige prisma geplaas. Die prisma het ‘n gelyksydige driehoek met sylengte van 20 cm as basis, en het ‘n hoogte van 42 cm. Die piramide het ‘n hoogte van 12cm.
    1. Wat is die totale volume van voorwerp wat uit hierdie twee vorms opgemaak word?
    2. Vind die oppervlakte van elke vlak van die piramide.
    3. Vind die totale oppervlakarea van die voorwerp.
    Kliek hier vir die oplossing.

Ooreenkomstigheid van poligone

Twee polinome is soortgelyk indien die volgende waar is:

  1. Alle ooreenkomstige hoeke moet kongruent wees.
  2. Alle ooreenkomstige sye moet in dieselfde verhouding tot mekaar wees.Verwys na die diagram hier onder: dit beteken dus dat die verhouding van die sy A E van die groot poligoon tot die sy P T van die klein poligoon moet dieselfde wees as die verhouding van die sy A B tot sy P Q , B C / Q R ens. vir al die sye.

As
  1. A ^ = P ^ ; B ^ = Q ^ ; C ^ = R ^ ; D ^ = S ^ ; E ^ = T ^ en
  2. A B P Q = B C Q R = C D R S = D E S T = E A T P
is die poligone ABCDE en PQRST soortgelyk.

Poligone PQTU en PRSU is soortgelyk. Vind die waarde van x .

  1. Aangesien die poligone soortgelyk is,

    P Q P R = T U S U x x + ( 3 - x ) = 3 4 x 3 = 3 4 x = 9 4

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Source:  OpenStax, Siyavula textbooks: wiskunde (graad 11). OpenStax CNX. Sep 20, 2011 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11339/1.4
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