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Applying the categorical imperative
| 1. Formulate your maxim (=personal rule) |
Whenever I am in a difficult situation, I should tell a lie. |
| 2. Universalize your maxim. |
Whenever anybody is in a difficult situation, he or she should tell a lie. |
| 3. Check for a contradiction (logical or practical) |
When I lie, I will the opposite for the universal law. Put differently, I will that everybody (but me) be a truth-teller and that everybody believe me a truth-teller. I then make myself the exception to this universal law. Thus my maxim (I am a liar) contradicts the law (everybody else is a truth-teller) |
- When I will one thing as universal law and make myself the exeception in difficult circumstances, I am treating others, in Kantian terms, merely as means.
- This implies that I subordinate or bend them to my interests and projects without their consent. I do this by circumventing their autonomy through (1) force, (2) fraud (often deception), or (3) manipulation. Treating them with respect would involve telling them what I want (what are my plans and projects) and on this basis asking them to consent to particpate and help me. The extreme case for treating others merely as means is enslaving them.
- We do on occasion treat others as means (and not as mere means) when we hire them as employees. But this is consistent with their autonomy and rational consent because we explain to them what is expected (we give them a job description) and compensate them for their efforts. For this reason there is a world of difference between hiring others and enslaving them.
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The Formula of the End =
Act so as to treat others (yourself included) always as ends and never merely as means .
Some key definitions for a rights framework
- Kantian formalism provides a foundation for respect for the intrinsic value of humans as autonomous rational beings. Using this as
a point of departure, we can develop a method for identifying,spelling out, and justifying the rights and duties that go with
professionalism. This framework can be summarized in fourgeneral propositions:
- 1. Definition: A
right is an essential
capacity of action that others are obliged to recognize andrespect. This definition follows from autonomy.
Autonomy can be broken down into a series of specific capacities.Rights claims arise when we identify these capacities and take
social action to protect them. Rights are inviolable and cannot beoverridden even when overriding would bring about substantial
public utility.
- 2. All rights claims must satisfy three
requirements. They must be (1)
essential to the autonomy of
individuals and (2)
vulnerable so that they require special
recognition and protection (on the part of both individuals andsociety). Moreover, the burden of recognizing and respecting a
claim as a right must not deprive others of something essential. Inother words, it must be (3)
feasible for both individuals and
social groups to recognize and respect legitimate rightsclaims.
- 3. Definition: A
duty is a rule or principle
requiring that we both recognize and respect the legitimate rightsclaims of others. Duties attendant on a given right fall into three
general forms: (a) duties not to deprive, (b) duties to prevent deprivation, and (c) duties to aid the deprived.
- 4.
Rights and duties are correlative ; for
every right there is a correlative series of duties to recognizeand respect that right.
- These four summary points together form a system of professional and occupational rights and
correlative duties.
Questions & Answers
A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
Can you compute that for me. Ty
Jude
what is the dimension formula of energy?
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
Adjei
please, I'm a physics student and I need help in physics
Adjanou
chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.
Pedro
A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
Joseph
"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
Ryan
what are the types of wave
Maurice
fine, how about you?
Mohammed
A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
Who can show me the full solution in this problem?
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Source:
OpenStax, Corporate governance. OpenStax CNX. Aug 20, 2007 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col10396/1.10
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