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AARDRYKSKUNDE

Graad 5

FISIESE STRUKTUUR VAN SUID-AFRIKA

Module 7

STRUKTUUR VAN DIE RSA

1. Die reliëf (bou) van die RSA

Die oppervlak van die RSA is nie gelyk soos ‘n tafelblad nie. Hierdie ongelykheid van die oppervlak het te doen met die bou van die land. Die landvorme soos kusvlaktes, laaglande, plato’s, berge en riviere vorm almal saam die bou van ‘n land.

As jy na die onderstaande reliëfkaart van die RSA (of na enige natuurkundige kaart van die RSA in ‘n atlas) kyk, sal jy verstaan dat ons land op verskillende hoogtes bo seevlak lê.

Op so ‘n reliëfkaart word verskillende kleure gebruik om die verskillende hoogtes bo seevlak aan te dui:

Groen = laagste dele, byvoorbeeld kusvlakte

Geel = net hoër as die groen dele (Klein Karoo)

Oranje = hoër dele

Bruin = berge

Pers / wit = hoogste bergpieke

Blou = water

Gebruik jou atlas en kleur jou kaart op bl. 3 volgens bogenoemde kleursleutel in.

Boustreke van die RSA

Kuslyn en kusvlakte

Die kuslyn is die gedeelte waar die land en die see mekaar ontmoet. Die RSA het ‘n baie lang en amper reguit kuslyn met min kape (punte soos Kaappunt) en min baaie (soos Tafelbaai en Valsbaai). Die enigste plek waar ons albei kry, is die Kaapse Skiereiland.

n Nadeel van so ‘n reëlmatige kuslyn is dat daar min natuurlike hawens soos Kaapstad-hawe voorkom.

Die kusvlakte is die lae streke langs die kus. Die RSA se kusvlakte vorm ‘n smal strook tussen die see en die berge van die platorand.

Die Klein Karoo en die Groot Karoo

Tussen die see en die platorand is daar egter ‘n area waar mens eers ‘n paar “trappe” moet klim om by die platorand uit te kom. Die trappe word die Karoo genoem. Die woord “Karoo” beteken hard. Dit is dus ‘n harde, droë wêreld.

Dit is twee plat, kleiner plato’s tussen bergreekse.

Vanaf die suidkus (Mosselbaai) styg die land trapsgewys van die kusvlakte na die Outeniekwaberge en Langeberge. Die laagte wat hierna volg voordat die Swartberge bereik word, word die Klein Karoo genoem. Noord van die Swartberge lê die Groot Karoo wat ‘n trap hoër as die Klein Karoo geleë is, voordat die Nuweveldberge bereik word wat deel van die platorand vorm.

Plato en platorand

Die platorand dui aan waar die binnelandse plato begin en vorm ‘n aaneenlopende bergketting. Dit begin in die noordweste by die Kamiesberge en word suidwaarts die Roggeveldberge. Dan draai dit ooswaarts waar die Nuweveld-, Sneeu-, en Stormberge voorkom. In die noordooste kry ons die Drakensberge. Hier is die platorand baie hoër as die res en die hoogste bergpieke, Mont-Aux-Sources (3 299 m) en Thaba Ntlenyana (3 482 m) kom hier voor. Die platorand vorm ook ons land se belangrikste waterskeiding.

Suid-Afrika se berge is net soos alle ander berge oor die wêreld deur kromming, verskuiwing of plooiing gevorm.

Die Hexrivierberge, Cederberge, Swartberge en Langeberge is byvoorbeeld almal plooiberge in sedimentêre gesteentes. Baie is al afgeplat deur erosie en mens sien min daarvan. Voorbeelde van stollingsgesteentes is in die Drakensberge te sien.

Ongelukkig keer die platorand dat vogtige lug vanaf die see die binnelandse plato kan bereik. Dit veroorsaak dat ons binneland baie droogtes beleef. Die binnelandse plato is die groot, uitgestrekte deel van ons land wat aan die binnekant van die platorand lê. Dit vorm die grootste deel van die RSA en lê van 900 m (weste) tot 3 000 m (ooste) bo seevlak.

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Source:  OpenStax, Sosiale wetenskappe: aardrykskunde graad 5. OpenStax CNX. Sep 22, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10985/1.2
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