Sspd_chapter1_modern physics-foundation of solid state physics_part  (Page 4/5)

Today the responsibility lies on the Intellectuals and Scientists of Third World Countries to chalk out an alternative paradigm of development whereby there is equitable and just development of all geographical regions of our Globe.

Our readers must be anxious to know as to what are those four discoveries and Inventions for which Indian scientists are credited?

First is the fundamental work of Ramanujam on number theory and higher Mathematics [Appendix I]. Second is the work of Meghnath Saha (1893 -1956) on heat and molecular Physics. His ionization equation, Saha-Langmuir Equation, plays an important role in stellar astro-physcics [Appendix II].Third is the discovery of Bose-Einstein Statistics and the discovery of Bosons by Satyendra Nath Bose [Appendix III ] .Fourth is the discovery of Raman Effect by C.V. Raman [Appendix IV]. This fetched us a Nobel Prize.

Fifth is the extensive entomological work done on Mosquitoes by Ronald Ross [Appendix V ] .This also fetched a Nobel Award.

Sixth is the work done by G.N. Ramchandran (1922-2001) on molecular Biophysics. He is considered the father of this field[Appendix VI]. After Independence our five major achievements have been in the area of green revolution, space research, nuclear energy, super- conductivity and CSIR (Council of Scientific and Indistrial Research) into a locomotive of Science and Technology advancements.Here we befittingly mention the works done by Indian Scientists working abroad notably in USA. First is the discovery of Chandrshekher Limit S. Chandra Shekher in the area of Evolution of Main Sequence Stars[Appendix VII]. Second is the work of Har Gobind Khurana(1922- till date) in the field of genetics and its function in protein synthesis[Appendix VIII].

Third is the work done again in Genetics by Venktaraman Ramakrishna. Therte are DNA molecules inside every cell of all organisms. These molecules contain the blue-print for how a human being or a plant or a bacterium looks and functions. The blue prints of the DNA molecules become transformed in the living matter through the ribosomes. Based upon the information in DNA , ribosomes create protein: oxygen transporting haemoglobins, antibodies of the immune system, hormones succh as insulin, collagen of the skin, or enzymes. There are tens of thousands of protein in the body and they all have different forms and functions. 2009 Nobel Prize for Chemistry Awards Research in one of life's most important processes: the ribosomes translation of DNA information into life [Appendix IX]. Here it will be appropriate to mention invention of Wireles by Jagdish Chandra Bose [Appendix X]. Though credit was accorded to Marconi, lately the mistalke has been corrected and in 1997 IEEE (Institution of Electronics and Electrical Engineering) has acknowledged the pioneering role of Dr. Jagdish Chandra Bose in the field of Wireless and Radio.After this digression we return to our main concern namely Solid State Physics and Devices.

The present development and widespread use of Electronics in every walk of life is primarily due to Integrated Circuit Technology and due to the continuous evolution of the level of Integration as stated by Moore’s Law. Gordon Moore [Appendix XI] is a founder of Intel Corporation which caters to 80% of microprocessors market.