|
Natural Environment (1,1) |
Description (1,2) |
Examples (1,3) |
Frameworks (1,4) |
Frameworks (1,5) |
| (2,1) |
Wicked Problems (2,2) |
Principles of Systainability according to B. Norton (2,3) |
Four Theoretical Approaches to Environmental Ethics (2,4) |
Environmental Value as determined by shadow markets (2,5) |
| (3,1) |
(a) Difficulties in formulating and structuring problem; (b) Non-compatibility of solutions (several ways of stating solutions).(3,2) |
Precautionary Principle : "in situations of high risk and high uncertainty,always choose the lowest risk option." (Cass Sunstein distinguishes several senses of the PP including one which makes it impossible to deviate from the status quo) (Norton 348)(3,3) |
(a)
Extensionism : Peter Singer's extension of Utilitarianism to cover sentient beings; (b) Tom Regan's ascription of rights to select animals.
Biocentrism : Taylor's attribution of moral consideration to all teleological centers of a life.(3,4) |
Willingness-to-pay : Resource in question would go to the highest bidder, that is, value is dependent on most intense preference and the disposable income to assert that preference(3,5) |
| (4,1) |
(c) Wicked problems are "non-repeatable" in that they are context-dependent. This renders learning from previous problems and solutions much more difficult; (d) Wicked problems involve "competing values" that cannot be realized at the same time and that cannot be homogenized or plotted on a single scale; (e) Wicked problems exhibit "open-ended inter-temporal effects".
Closely paraphrased from Norton, Systainability, 133-5 (4,2) |
Safe Minimum Standard : "save the resource, provided the costs of doing so are bearable" (Norton 346)(4,3) |
Land Ethics : A thing has value or is good insofar as it promotes the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. Biotic community includes humans, non-humans, species, and ecosystems all interacting as a system. From Aldo Leopole, Sand County Almanac;
Virtue Environmental Ethics : Approach centers on virtues as habits that promote sustainable transactions with the natural environment. Hursthouse provides a provocative example with the virtue, respect for nature.(4,4) |
Willingness-to-sell : Resource is owned by the public so its value is determined by its selling rather than buying price. This frees bid fromdisposable income. Now value becomes more reflective of the identity-conferring beliefs and attitudes of a community and its members.(4,5) |
