2.4 Saxophones

Introduction

Saxophones are single-reed aerophones . They were developed in the Western music tradition, but are a fairly recent invention and are rarely found in traditional folk or "classical" music. They are very popular, however, in all types of modern bands, including marching bands, wind ensembles, school bands, jazz and dance bands, and many pop and rock bands.

The instruments

A saxophone is a single-reed woodwind , closely related to the clarinet . In fact, the mouthpieces are very similar, and many instrumentalists can play both saxophone and clarinet well.

But unlike the more cylindrical clarinet, saxophones have a very conical , flaring shape. Interestingly, the shape makes both blowing and fingering easier on saxophone than on clarinet. The simpler fingerings come from the fact that the conical bore causes the instrument to overblow - that is, to get its first usable overtone - at the octave , rather than at the twelfth (an octave plus a fifth ). Notes that are one octave apart have essentially the same fingerings, and the saxophone does not need the extra keys that clarinets must have to produce the notes (from the octave to the twelfth) that would otherwise be missing.

Saxophones are usually made of brass (occasionally silver alloy or plastic), but they are still classified as woodwinds , not brass , because the sound is produced by a reed (not a cup mouthpiece) and the instrument is shaped and played like a woodwind, not a brass instrument. (Please see Wind Instruments: Some Basics for more on this.)

Of the four saxophones in common use, the soprano is the smallest and highest-sounding. It is straight and looks a bit like a metal version of a clarinet. The other three commonly-used saxophones all have an upturned bell at the end of the instrument. The alto is a bit longer and lower-sounding than the soprano; it is very popular as a solo jazz instrument. The tenor is a bit longer and lower-sounding than the alto, and the baritone (you may hear it called the "bari sax") is even larger and lower-sounding than the tenor. Tenor and bari sax, like alto, are both common jazz instruments, a standard part of a jazz "big band", for example. Soprano sax is a little rarer, but still not difficult to find.

History

Most modern instruments have a long history of slow evolution from more ancient instrument types. The saxophone is a relative newcomer, having been invented in Paris around 1840 by Belgian instrument-maker Adolphe Sax. A prolific inventor, Sax originally invented 14 different saxophones, as well as entire families of other instruments called saxhorns, saxtrombas, and saxtubas. Of his many creations, only eight of the saxophones (sopranino, soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, bass, contrabass, and subcontrabass) are in use today, and only soprano, alto, tenor, and baritone are common.

A non-transposing "C melody" or "C tenor" saxophone was popular in the early twentieth century in the U.S., particularly as a parlor-music instrument, since the player could read from the same sheet music as an accompanying pianist and be in the correct key . Some jazz saxophonists, notably Frankie Trumbauer, performed and recorded on the C melody sax, but the instrument faded in popularity in the 1930's and is now quite rare.

Repertoire

The easiest recordings to find that feature saxophone are jazz recordings. Look for the music of Sidney Bechet, John Coltrane, Charlie Parker, and Stan Getz, among many others.

The saxophones tend to play a more supportive (rather than featuring) role and can be difficult to hear in military and classical band and wind ensemble music.

Most orchestral music does not include saxophones at all, but there are some exceptions, such as Ravel's Bolero , Prokofiev's Lieutenant Kije Suite (particularly the "Song" movement), and the "Il vecchio castello" movement of Ravel's orchestration of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition .

Practical information for composers and arrangers

The four saxophones most common in modern music are all transposing instruments ; music for these instruments must be transposed properly to be playable. Alto and baritone saxophone are E flat instruments. Soprano and tenor are B flat instruments. If you want to write for one of the rarer saxophones , you may want to make sure that it is available to your performers.

The written range for all the instruments are the same, but their sounding ranges are quite different. When deciding which instrument should be given a part, keep in mind that the mid range of each instrument is the most easily playable. Playing in the far upper or lower register of an instrument also affects its timbre , and the timbre of each type of saxophone is quite distinct from the others.

The saxophone can play quite loudly for a woodwind, and is very useful as a solo instrument or in an outdoor setting. Saxophones are fairly agile instruments. They can't play quite as quickly as, say, a flute or violin, but experienced players can play large jumps and long passages of fast notes. The distinctive sound of the sax can instantly give a piece a jazz flavor, but it has also been used effectively in non-jazz settings. (Listen to the pieces listed in the Repertoire section for examples.)