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2. Komplekse getalle – nie veel kan van die meeste leerders verwag word nie.

As die simbool i gebruik word vir 1 size 12{ sqrt { - 1} } {} , dan kan ons nie-reële getalle as volg voorstel: 12 size 12{ sqrt { - "12"} } {} = 2 3 size 12{2 sqrt { - 3} } {} = 2 3 × 1 size 12{2 sqrt {3 times - 1} } {} = 2 3 1 size 12{2 sqrt {3} sqrt { - 1} } {} = 2 3 i size 12{2 sqrt {3} `i} {}

3 + 5 i en 2,5 – 16 i is voorbeelde van nie-reële getalle, en hulle bestaan uit twee dele elk: ‘n reële deel en ‘n nie-reële deel. Die belangrikste gevolge hiervan is dat die rekenkundige bewerkings versigtig benader moet word, en dat hierdie getalle nie in volgorde gerangskik kan word nie!

3. Enige redelike antwoord kan aanvaar word. Dit sal dalk goed werk as die leerders mekaar se getallestelsels beoordeel.

VERRYKINGSOPDRAG

As daar geleentheid is, kan hierdie werk met ‘n sterk klas deurgewerk word.

4.1 Nie-repeterend; alhoewel 3,030030003000030… ‘n patroon het, repeteer hy nie!

4.2 Beklemtoon dat die eerste een NIE gelyk is aan π nie. Die ander twee moet ordentlik vereenvoudig word.

4.3.1 1553 1000 size 12{ { {"1553"} over {"1000"} } } {}

4.3.2 51 90 size 12{ { {"51"} over {"90"} } } {}

4.3.3 30311 999 size 12{ { {"30311"} over {"999"} } } {}

4.3.4 2403 990 size 12{ { {"2403"} over {"990"} } } {}

KLASOPDRAG

Hierdie oefening is bedoel om die leerders meer insig te gee in onvereenvoudigde waardes sodat hulle kan begin skat wat die groottes is. Die belangrikste werk is om die vereenvoudigings reg te doen. Daarna moet die waardes ten minste in die regte volgorde gerangskik word. As die spasies tussen die getalle redelik in verhouding is, is dit ‘n bonus. Die volgorde word hier aangedui:

1.1: 0,00 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3,0 ; 4 ; 5,0000 ; 5+2 ; 6 ; 9–1

1.2: –4 ; –3 ; –1 ; 3–3 ; 2 ; 5

1.3: 1 5 size 12{ { {1} over {5} } } {} ; 1 4 size 12{ { {1} over {4} } } {} ; 0.666 ; 2 3 size 12{ { {2} over {3} } } {} ; 2 2 size 12{ { {2} over {2} } } {} ; 1,000 ; 0,2+1 ; 1.75

1.4: 3 2 12 size 12{ { {3} over {2} } - "12"} {} ; 8 + 7 5 size 12{ - 8+ { {7} over {5} } } {} ; –5,5 ; 5 2 size 12{ - { {5} over {2} } } {} ; –2,5 ; 5,55 ; 14 2 size 12{ { {"14"} over {2} } } {}

1.5: 9 size 12{ - sqrt {9} } {} ; 4 size 12{ - sqrt {4} } {} ; 0 size 12{ sqrt {0} } {} ; 1 size 12{ sqrt {1} } {} ; 9 4 size 12{ sqrt { { {9} over {4} } } } {} ; 16 2 size 12{ { { sqrt {"16"} } over {2} } } {} ; 9 size 12{ sqrt {9} } {} ; 36 size 12{ sqrt {"36"} } {} –1

1.6: 4 size 12{ sqrt {4} } {} ; 6 size 12{ sqrt {6} } {} ; 9 size 12{ sqrt {9} } {} ; 16 size 12{ sqrt {"16"} } {} ; 25 size 12{ sqrt {"25"} } {} ; 20 size 12{ sqrt {"20"} } {} +1 ; 32 size 12{ sqrt {"32"} } {} ; 36 size 12{ sqrt {"36"} } {}

VERRYKINGSOPDRAG

1.1: 5,6<5,7

3 + 9 = 4 × 3 –1>–2 3>–3 27 3 size 12{ nroot { size 8{3} } {"27"} } {} < 15 size 12{ sqrt {"15"} } {}

2.1: y >–13,4

GROEPOPDRAG

Hier word vereenvoudigde waardes in die oorspronlike volgorde gegee:

1.1 –8 ; 12 ; –6 ; 2 ; 10 ; 3 ; 5 ; 3,44… ; 3

1.2 2 ; 0,3… ; 1,3… ; 0,5 ; 0,5 ; 0,05 ; 0,005

1.3 3 ; 3,5 ; 3,14 ; 3,142857… ; 3,1415929… ; 3,1415926… (die laaste is π)

Hier is die waardes in die korrekte volgorde:

1.1 –8 ; –6 ; 2 ; 3 ; 3,44… ; 5 ; 10 ; 12

1.2 0,005 ; 0,05 ; 0,3… ; 0,5 ; 1,3… ; 2

1.3 3 ; 3,14 ; π ; 3,1415929… ; 3,142857…

KLASWERK

Hierdie oefening is ontwerp om ‘n gevoel vir die gevolge van afronding (benaderde antwoorde) te ontwikkel. Dikwels vertrou leerders hulle sakrekenaarantwoorde sonder om enige dinkwerk te doen.

1.1 Dit gaan om die notasie sowel as die aantal desimale plekke.

1.2 Net soos 1.1

1.3 Beklemtoon weereens dat benaderings tot π nie gelyk is aan π nie.

Bespreek gerus die term “benaderd gelyk aan”.

3. Antwoorde: 1,03 ; 2,83 ; 15,71 ; 12 ; 1,0 (die nul moet daar wees).

KLASWERK

Baie leerders vind omskakelings moeilik – hier sal dalk heelwat hulp en raad nodig wees.

1.3 Nie alle maande is ewe lank nie; dus sal eenvoudige vermenigvuldiging nie die beste antwoord gee nie. Die belangrikste is om uit te vind watter maande ter sprake is – en moenie van skrikkeljare vergeet nie!

1.4 Hoekom is daar deling ter sprake? Help om strategieë te ontwikkel.

3. Dieselfde probleme as by 1.3 kon na vore. Die antwoord kan wel benader word. Verduidelik hoekom dit aanvaarbaar is. Hierdie antwoord is ‘n motivering om binnekort van wetenskaplike gebruik te maak: ≈ 3 157 056 000 sekondes.

5.1 9,1 × 10 28 5.2 24 km 5.3 100 liter

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Source:  OpenStax, Wiskunde graad 9. OpenStax CNX. Sep 14, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11055/1.1
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