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Beginning to 8000 b.c.  (Page 2/4)

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**65 million years ago at the boundary between the geologic mesozoic and cenozoic periods, life in the oceans changed dramatically, with massive extinction of earlier life forms and explosive evolution of new ones. (Table references: 8 , 202 , 224 )
Geological ages
ERA SUB-ERA YRS. BEFORE PRESENT PERIOD EPOCH CHARACTERIZED BY
Pre-Cambrian Archeozoic 5,000,000,000 to 1,000,000,000 Earth's crust. Unicellular organisms
Pre-Cambrian Proterozoic 1,000,000,000 to 600,000,000 Bacteria, algae, fungi and simple multicellular organisms
Phanerozoic** Paleozoic 600,000,000 to 220,000,000 From Cambrian thru Caroniferous&Permian Development of animals from marine invertebrates up through insects and reptiles.
Phanerozoic Mesozoic (Warm&rather uniform global climate) 220,000,000 to 65,000,000 Triassic Volcanic activity, marine reptiles, dinosaurs. As period started all continents were more or less locked together in a supercontinent (Pangaea_. A great bight Tethys extended between Asia and Africa and perhaps between Old and new Worlds. Number of marine species dropped by nearly 60% , but 40% of present land area became flooded. In No. Amer. sea over entire mid-continent region from Gulf deep into Canada&from Rockies to Appalachians. Africa split into large islands.
Phanerozoic Mesozoic (Warm&rather uniform global climate) 220,000,000 to 65,000,000 Jurassic Dinosaurs, conifers.
Phanerozoic Mesozoic (Warm&rather uniform global climate) 220,000,000 to 65,000,000 Cretaceous Extinction of giant reptiles. Insects and flowers.
Phanerozoic Cenozoic 65,000,000 to 38,000,000 Tertiary Paleocene Eocene Birds&Mammals.
Phanerozoic Cenozoic 38,000,000 Tertiary Oligocene Saber-tooth cats. Continents assumed approx. present position&a cold current circled Antarctica with relatively little water diverted northward, so temperature gradient from equator to So. Pole increased.
Phanerozoic Cenozoic 26 to 7,000,000 Tertiary Miocene Grazing mammals. First major Antarctic glaciations.
Phanerozoic Cenozoic 7 to 2,000,000 Tertiary Pliocene Mountains; climate cooling; increase in size and numbers of mammals. Man?
Phanerozoic Cenozoic 2,000,000 to 10,000 Quaternary PLEISTOCENE - ICE AGES. DEFINITE APPEARANCE OF MAN
Phanerozoic Cenozoic 10,000 to present Quaternary HOLOCENE DEVELOPMENT OF MAN, THE SOCIAL ANIMAL.
(Table references: 215 , 211 , 130 , 226 )
Archeological ages in relation to geological ages (see especially pleistocene and holocene epochs in previous table)
EPOCH YEARS B.C. ARCHEOLOGICAL AGE SYNONYMS ARCHEOLOGICAL FINDS OR HISTORICAL EVENTS
PLEISTOCENE 2,000,000 TO 1,000,000 Earliest Ice Ages Ape-like Hominids. Astralopithecus (Others would put still earlier).
PLEISTOCENE 1,000,000 to 500,000 Early Ice Age Simple stone tools. Major glacial phases.
PLEISTOCENE 500,000 to 8,000 Paleolithic Lower Old Stone Age Java man. Peking man - ate tiger, buffalo. Standard tool forms. Use of fire.
PLEISTOCENE 500,000 to 8,000 Paleolithic Middle Neanderthal man about 75,000 B.C. Blade tools, fire, burials.
PLEISTOCENE 500,000 to 8,000 Paleolithic Upper (Paleo-Indian in America) Modern man 35,000 to 40,000 B.C. Ate rhinoceros, wild sheep and boar, but 70% venison. Probably did not cook, but had fire. Split bones for marrow. Possibly cannibalistic. Use of bone and antler.
HOLOCENE 8,000 TO 5,000 Mesolithic (Meso-Indian) Middle Stone Age. Domestication of plants and animals. Earliest towns, wooden saws with rows of chipped flint for teeth. More advanced tools.
HOLOCENE 5,000 to 2,500 Neolithic (Archaic-Indian) New or Late Stone Age Polished stone tools, fired pottery, cultivated wheat and barley. Post-glacial rise in sea levels.
HOLOCENE 5,000 to 2,500 Chalcolithic Copper-stone Age In some areas only, particularly in Near East. Copper in use with stone.
HOLOCENE 2,500 to 1,000 Bronze Age Alloy of tin with copper. Stronger, more adaptable metal. (Bronze was used in Thailand as early as 3,500 B.C.)
HOLOCENE 1,000 to Present Iron Age The Hittites had iron as early as 1,300 B.C. but Egypt did not until 7th century B.C. and China in 6th century B.C.

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Source:  OpenStax, A comprehensive outline of world history. OpenStax CNX. Nov 30, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10595/1.3
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