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The next example is a poem written by a statistics student named Nicole Hart. The solution to the problem follows the poem. Notice that the hypothesis test is for a single population proportion. This means that the null and alternate hypotheses use the parameter p . The distribution for the test is normal. The estimated proportion p ′ is the proportion of fleas killed to the total fleas found on Fido. This is sample information. The problem gives a preconceived α = 0.01, for comparison, and a 95% confidence interval computation. The poem is clever and humorous, so please enjoy it!
My dog has so many fleas,
They do not come off with ease.
As for shampoo, I have tried many types
Even one called Bubble Hype,
Which only killed 25% of the fleas,
Unfortunately I was not pleased.
I've used all kinds of soap,
Until I had given up hope
Until one day I saw
An ad that put me in awe.
A shampoo used for dogs
Called GOOD ENOUGH to Clean a Hog
Guaranteed to kill more fleas.
I gave Fido a bath
And after doing the math
His number of fleas
Started dropping by 3's!
Before his shampoo
I counted 42.
At the end of his bath,
I redid the math
And the new shampoo had killed 17 fleas.
So now I was pleased.
Now it is time for you to have some fun
With the level of significance being .01,
You must help me figure out
Use the new shampoo or go without?
Set up the hypothesis test:
H 0 : p ≤ 0.25 H a : p >0.25
Determine the distribution needed:
In words, CLEARLY state what your random variable or P′ represents.
P′ = The proportion of fleas that are killed by the new shampoo
State the distribution to use for the test.
Normal.
Test Statistic: z = 2.3163
Calculate the p -value using the normal distribution for proportions:
p -value = 0.0103
In one to two complete sentences, explain what the p -value means for this problem.
If the null hypothesis is true (the proportion is 0.25), then there is a 0.0103 probability that the sample (estimated) proportion is 0.4048 or more.
Use the previous information to sketch a picture of this situation. CLEARLY, label and scale the horizontal axis and shade the region(s) corresponding to the p -value.
Compare α and the p -value:
Indicate the correct decision (“reject” or “do not reject” the null hypothesis), the reason for it, and write an appropriate conclusion, using complete sentences.
| alpha | decision | reason for decision |
|---|---|---|
| 0.01 | Do not reject | α < p -value |
Conclusion: At the 1% level of significance, the sample data do not show sufficient evidence that the percentage of fleas that are killed by the new shampoo is more than 25%.
Construct a 95% confidence interval for the true mean or proportion. Include a sketch of the graph of the situation. Label the point estimate and the lower and upper bounds of the confidence interval.
Confidence Interval: (0.26,0.55) We are 95% confident that the true population proportion p of fleas that are killed by the new shampoo is between 26% and 55%.
This test result is not very definitive since the p -value is very close to alpha. In reality, one would probably do more tests by giving the dog another bath after the fleas have had a chance to return.
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