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The odor of vinegar is due to the presence of acetic acid, CH 3 CO 2 H, a weak acid. List, in order of descending concentration, all of the ionic and molecular species present in a 1- M aqueous solution of this acid.
[H 2 O]>[CH 3 CO 2 H]> ≈ >[OH − ]
Household ammonia is a solution of the weak base NH 3 in water. List, in order of descending concentration, all of the ionic and molecular species present in a 1- M aqueous solution of this base.
Explain why the ionization constant, K a , for H 2 SO 4 is larger than the ionization constant for H 2 SO 3 .
The oxidation state of the sulfur in H 2 SO 4 is greater than the oxidation state of the sulfur in H 2 SO 3 .
Explain why the ionization constant, K a , for HI is larger than the ionization constant for HF.
Gastric juice, the digestive fluid produced in the stomach, contains hydrochloric acid, HCl. Milk of Magnesia, a suspension of solid Mg(OH) 2 in an aqueous medium, is sometimes used to neutralize excess stomach acid. Write a complete balanced equation for the neutralization reaction, and identify the conjugate acid-base pairs.
Nitric acid reacts with insoluble copper(II) oxide to form soluble copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO 3 ) 2 , a compound that has been used to prevent the growth of algae in swimming pools. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of an aqueous solution of HNO 3 with CuO.
What is the ionization constant at 25 °C for the weak acid the conjugate acid of the weak base CH 3 NH 2 , K b = 4.4 10 −4 .
What is the ionization constant at 25 °C for the weak acid the conjugate acid of the weak base (CH 3 ) 2 NH, K b = 5.9 10 −4 ?
Which base, CH 3 NH 2 or (CH 3 ) 2 NH, is the stronger base? Which conjugate acid, or (CH 3 ) 2 NH, is the stronger acid?
The stronger base or stronger acid is the one with the larger K b or K a , respectively. In these two examples, they are (CH 3 ) 2 NH and
Which is the stronger acid, or HBrO?
Predict which acid in each of the following pairs is the stronger and explain your reasoning for each.
(a) H 2 O or HF
(b) B(OH) 3 or Al(OH) 3
(c) or
(d) NH 3 or H 2 S
(e) H 2 O or H 2 Te
Predict which compound in each of the following pairs of compounds is more acidic and explain your reasoning for each.
(a) or
(b) NH 3 or H 2 O
(c) PH 3 or HI
(d) NH 3 or PH 3
(e) H 2 S or HBr
(a) higher electronegativity of the central ion. (b) H 2 O; NH 3 is a base and water is neutral, or decide on the basis of K a values. (c) HI; PH 3 is weaker than HCl; HCl is weaker than HI. Thus, PH 3 is weaker than HI. (d) PH 3 ; in binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals, the acidity increases for the element lower in a group. (e) HBr; in a period, the acidity increases from left to right; in a group, it increases from top to bottom. Br is to the left and below S, so HBr is the stronger acid.
Rank the compounds in each of the following groups in order of increasing acidity or basicity, as indicated, and explain the order you assign.
(a) acidity: HCl, HBr, HI
(b) basicity: H 2 O, OH − , H − , Cl −
(c) basicity: Mg(OH) 2 , Si(OH) 4 , ClO 3 (OH) (Hint: Formula could also be written as HClO 4 ).
(d) acidity: HF, H 2 O, NH 3 , CH 4
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