8.2 Confidence intervals: confidence interval, single population  (Page 21/5)

Calculating the confidence interval

To construct a confidence interval for a single unknown population mean $\mu$ , where the population standard deviation is known, we need $\overline{x}$ as an estimate for $\mu$ and we need the margin of error. The margin of error for a population mean ( ME ) is called sometimes called the error bound for a population mean (abbreviated EBM ). The sample mean $\overline{x}$ is the point estimate of the unknown population mean $\mu$

The confidence interval estimate will have the form:

• (point estimate - margin of error, point estimate + margin of error) or, in symbols, $(\overline{x}-\mathrm{ME},\overline{x}+\mathrm{ME})$

The margin of error depends on the confidence level (abbreviated CL ). The confidence level is often considered the probability that the calculated confidence interval estimate will contain the true population parameter. However, it is more accurate to state that the confidence level is the percent of confidence intervals that contain the true population parameter when repeated samples are taken. Most often, it is the choice of the person constructing the confidence interval to choose aconfidence level of 90% or higher because that person wants to be reasonably certain of his or her conclusions.

There is another probability called alpha ( $\alpha$ ). $\alpha$ is related to the confidence level CL. $\alpha$ is the probability that the interval does not contain the unknown population parameter.
Mathematically, $\alpha$ + CL = 1.

A confidence interval for a population mean with a known standard deviation is based on the fact that the sample means follow an approximately normaldistribution. Suppose that our sample has a mean of $\overline{x}=10$ and we have constructed the 90% confidence interval (5, 15)where $\text{ME}=5$ .

To get a 90% confidence interval, we must include the central 90% of the probability of the normal distribution. If we include the central 90%, we leave out a total of $\alpha$ = 10% in both tails, or 5% in each tail, of the normal distribution.

To capture the central 90%, we must go out 1.645 "standard deviations" on either side of the calculated sample mean. 1.645 is the z-score from a Standard Normalprobability distribution that puts an area of 0.90 in the center, an area of 0.05 in the far left tail, and an area of 0.05 in the far right tail.

It is important that the "standard deviation" used must be appropriate for the parameter we are estimating. So in this section, we need to use the standard deviation that applies to sample means, which is $\frac{\sigma }{\sqrt{n}}$ . $\frac{\sigma }{\sqrt{n}}$ is commonly called the "standard error of the mean" in order to clearly distinguish the standard deviation for a mean from the population standard deviation $\sigma$ .