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The relationship is one that you will find useful in many different contexts. The energy your body uses in exercise is related to the power level and duration of your activity, for example. The amount of heating by a power source is related to the power level and time it is applied. Even the radiation dose of an X-ray image is related to the power and time of exposure.
If the cost of electricity in your area is 12 cents per kWh, what is the total cost (capital plus operation) of using a 60-W incandescent bulb for 1000 hours (the lifetime of that bulb) if the bulb cost 25 cents? (b) If we replace this bulb with a compact fluorescent light that provides the same light output, but at one-quarter the wattage, and which costs $1.50 but lasts 10 times longer (10,000 hours), what will that total cost be?
Strategy
To find the operating cost, we first find the energy used in kilowatt-hours and then multiply by the cost per kilowatt-hour.
Solution for (a)
The energy used in kilowatt-hours is found by entering the power and time into the expression for energy:
In kilowatt-hours, this is
Now the electricity cost is
The total cost will be $7.20 for 1000 hours (about one-half year at 5 hours per day).
Solution for (b)
Since the CFL uses only 15 W and not 60 W, the electricity cost will be $7.20/4 = $1.80. The CFL will last 10 times longer than the incandescent, so that the investment cost will be 1/10 of the bulb cost for that time period of use, or 0.1($1.50) = $0.15. Therefore, the total cost will be $1.95 for 1000 hours.
Discussion
Therefore, it is much cheaper to use the CFLs, even though the initial investment is higher. The increased cost of labor that a business must include for replacing the incandescent bulbs more often has not been figured in here.
1) Make a list of the power ratings on a range of appliances in your home or room. Explain why something like a toaster has a higher rating than a digital clock. Estimate the energy consumed by these appliances in an average day (by estimating their time of use). Some appliances might only state the operating current. If the household voltage is 120 V, then use . 2) Check out the total wattage used in the rest rooms of your school’s floor or building. (You might need to assume the long fluorescent lights in use are rated at 32 W.) Suppose that the building was closed all weekend and that these lights were left on from 6 p.m. Friday until 8 a.m. Monday. What would this oversight cost? How about for an entire year of weekends?
and
Why do incandescent lightbulbs grow dim late in their lives, particularly just before their filaments break?
The power dissipated in a resistor is given by , which means power decreases if resistance increases. Yet this power is also given by , which means power increases if resistance increases. Explain why there is no contradiction here.
What is the power of a lightning bolt having a current of ?
What power is supplied to the starter motor of a large truck that draws 250 A of current from a 24.0-V battery hookup?
A charge of 4.00 C of charge passes through a pocket calculator’s solar cells in 4.00 h. What is the power output, given the calculator’s voltage output is 3.00 V? (See [link] .)
How many watts does a flashlight that has pass through it in 0.500 h use if its voltage is 3.00 V?
Find the power dissipated in each of these extension cords: (a) an extension cord having a resistance and through which 5.00 A is flowing; (b) a cheaper cord utilizing thinner wire and with a resistance of
(a) 1.50 W
(b) 7.50 W
Verify that the units of a volt-ampere are watts, as implied by the equation .
Show that the units , as implied by the equation .
Show that the units , as implied by the equation .
Verify the energy unit equivalence that .
Electrons in an X-ray tube are accelerated through and directed toward a target to produce X-rays. Calculate the power of the electron beam in this tube if it has a current of 15.0 mA.
An electric water heater consumes 5.00 kW for 2.00 h per day. What is the cost of running it for one year if electricity costs ? See [link] .
$438/y
With a 1200-W toaster, how much electrical energy is needed to make a slice of toast (cooking time = 1 minute)? At , how much does this cost?
Some makes of older cars have 6.00-V electrical systems. (a) What is the hot resistance of a 30.0-W headlight in such a car? (b) What current flows through it?
Alkaline batteries have the advantage of putting out constant voltage until very nearly the end of their life. How long will an alkaline battery rated at and 1.58 V keep a 1.00-W flashlight bulb burning?
1.58 h
A cauterizer, used to stop bleeding in surgery, puts out 2.00 mA at 15.0 kV. (a) What is its power output? (b) What is the resistance of the path?
The average television is said to be on 6 hours per day. Estimate the yearly cost of electricity to operate 100 million TVs, assuming their power consumption averages 150 W and the cost of electricity averages .
$3.94 billion/year
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