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This gives us the following theorem.
Let be a function whose derivative is continuous on an interval The length of the graph of from to is
Find the arc length of the cardioid
When Furthermore, as goes from to the cardioid is traced out exactly once. Therefore these are the limits of integration. Using and [link] becomes
Next, using the identity add 1 to both sides and multiply by 2. This gives Substituting gives so the integral becomes
The absolute value is necessary because the cosine is negative for some values in its domain. To resolve this issue, change the limits from to and double the answer. This strategy works because cosine is positive between and Thus,
For the following exercises, determine a definite integral that represents the area.
Region enclosed by
Region in the first quadrant within the cardioid
Region enclosed by one petal of
Region in the first quadrant enclosed by
Region enclosed by the inner loop of
Region common to
Region common to
For the following exercises, find the area of the described region.
Above the polar axis enclosed by
Enclosed by one petal of
Enclosed by
Enclosed by and outside the inner loop
Common interior of
Inside and outside
For the following exercises, find a definite integral that represents the arc length.
For the following exercises, find the length of the curve over the given interval.
For the following exercises, use the integration capabilities of a calculator to approximate the length of the curve.
For the following exercises, use the familiar formula from geometry to find the area of the region described and then confirm by using the definite integral.
For the following exercises, use the familiar formula from geometry to find the length of the curve and then confirm using the definite integral.
Verify that if then
For the following exercises, find the slope of a tangent line to a polar curve Let and so the polar equation is now written in parametric form.
Use the definition of the derivative and the product rule to derive the derivative of a polar equation.
tips of the leaves
At the slope is undefined. At the slope is 0.
tips of the leaves
Find the points on the interval at which the cardioid has a vertical or horizontal tangent line.
For the cardioid find the slope of the tangent line when
Slope = −1.
For the following exercises, find the slope of the tangent line to the given polar curve at the point given by the value of
For the following exercises, find the points at which the following polar curves have a horizontal or vertical tangent line.
The cardioid
Horizontal tangents at Vertical tangents at and also at the pole
Show that the curve (called a cissoid of Diocles ) has the line as a vertical asymptote.
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