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Global wireless communication relies on satellites. Here, ground stations transmit to orbiting satellites that amplify thesignal and retransmit it back to earth. Satellites will move across the sky unless they are in geosynchronous orbits , where the time for one revolution about the equator exactly matches the earth's rotation time of one day.TV satellites would require the homeowner to continually adjust his or her antenna if the satellite weren't in geosynchronousorbit. Newton's equations applied to orbiting bodies predict that the time for one orbit is related to distance from the earth's center as
In addition to delay, the propagation attenuation encountered in satellite communication far exceeds whatoccurs in ionospheric-mirror based communication. Calculate the attenuation incurred by radiation going to the satellite(one-way loss) with that encountered by Marconi (total going up and down). Note that the attenuation calculation in theionospheric case, assuming the ionosphere acts like a perfect mirror, is not a straightforward application of the propagation loss formula .
Transmission to the satellite, known as the uplink, encounters inverse-square law power losses. Reflecting offthe ionosphere not only encounters the same loss, but twice. Reflection is the same as transmitting exactly what arrives,which means that the total loss is the product of the uplink and downlink losses. The geosynchronous orbit lies at an altitude of . The ionosphere begins at an altitude of about 50km. The amplitude loss in the satellite case is proportional to ; for Marconi, it was proportional to . Marconi was very lucky.
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