Bit streams through digital communications receivers.
The receiver interested in the transmitted bit stream must
perform two tasks when received waveform
begins.
It must determine when bit boundaries occur: The receiver
needs to
synchronize with the transmitted
signal. Because transmitter and receiver are designed inconcert, both use the same value for the bit interval
. Synchronization can occur
because the transmitter begins sending with a reference bitsequence, known as the
preamble . This
reference bit sequence is usually the alternating sequenceas shown in the
square wave example and in the
FSK
example . The receiver knows what the preamble bit
sequence is and uses it to determine when bit boundariesoccur. This procedure amounts to what in digital hardware
as
self-clocking signaling : The receiver of a
bit stream must derive the clock — when bit boundariesoccur — from its input signal. Because the receiver
usually does not determine which bit was sent untilsynchronization occurs, it does not know when during the
preamble it obtained synchronization. The transmittersignals the end of the preamble by switching to a second bit
sequence. The second preamble phase informs the receiverthat data bits are about to come and that the preamble is
almost over.
Once synchronized and data bits are transmitted, the
receiver must then determine every
seconds what bit was transmitted during the
previous bit interval. We focus on this aspect of thedigital receiver because this strategy is also used in
synchronization.
The receiver for digital communication is known as a
matched filter .
Optimal receiver structure
The optimal receiver structure for digital communication faced
with additive white noise channels is the depicted matchedfilter. This receiver, shown in
[link] ,
multiplies the received signal by each of the possible membersof the transmitter signal set, integrates the product over the
bit interval, and compares the results. Whichever path throughthe receiver yields the largest value corresponds to the
receiver's decision as to what bit was sent during the previousbit interval. For the next bit interval, the multiplication and
integration begins again, with the next bit decision made at theend of the bit interval. Mathematically, the received value of
, which we label
, is given by
You may not have seen the
notation before.
yields the maximum value of its argument with respect to the index
.
equals the value of the index that yields the maximum.Note that the precise numerical value of the integrator's output
does not matter; what does matter is its value relative to theother integrator's output.
Let's assume a perfect channel for the moment: The received
signal equals the transmitted one. If bit 0 were sent using thebaseband BPSK signal set, the integrator outputs would be
If bit 1 were sent,
Can you develop a receiver for BPSK signal sets that
requires only one multiplier-integrator combination?
In BPSK, the signals are negatives of each other:
. Consequently, the output of each
multiplier-integrator combination is the negative of theother. Choosing the largest therefore amounts to choosing
which one is positive. We only need to calculate one ofthese. If it is positive, we are done. If it is negative,
we choose the other signal.
Clearly, this receiver would always choose the bit correctly.
Channel attenuation would not affect this correctness; it wouldonly make the values smaller, but all that matters is which is
largest.
Questions & Answers
A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
Adjei
please, I'm a physics student and I need help in physics
Adjanou
chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.
Pedro
A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
Joseph
"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
