4.4 Probability topics: contingency tables (Page 9/2)

Collaborative statistics using Page 1 / 2

This module introduces the contingency table as a way of determining conditional probabilities.

A contingency table provides a way of portraying data that can facilitate calculating probabilities. The table helps in determining conditional probabilities quite easily. The table displays sample values in relation to two different variables that may be dependent or contingent on one another. Later on, we will use contingency tables again, but in another manner. Contingincy tables provide a way of portraying data that can facilitate calculating probabilities.

Suppose a study of speeding violations and drivers who use car phones produced the following fictional data:

	Speeding violation in the last year	No speeding violation in the last year	Total
Car phone user	25	280	305
Not a car phone user	45	405	450
Total	70	685	755

The total number of people in the sample is 755. The row totals are 305 and 450. The column totals are 70 and 685. Notice that $305 + 450 = 755$ and $70 + 685 = 755$ .

Calculate the following probabilities using the table

$P(person is a car phone user) =$

$\frac{number of car phone users}{total number in study} = \frac{305}{755}$

$P(person had no violation in the last year) =$

$\frac{number that had no violation}{total number in study} = \frac{685}{755}$

$P(person had no violation in the last year AND was a car phone user) =$

$\frac{280}{755}$

$P(person is a car phone user OR person had no violation in the last year) =$

$(\frac{305}{755} + \frac{685}{755}) - \frac{280}{755} = \frac{710}{755}$

$P(person is a car phone user GIVEN person had a violation in the last year) =$

$\frac{25}{70}$ (The sample space is reduced to the number of persons who had a violation.)

$P(person had no violation last year GIVEN person was not a car phone user) =$

$\frac{405}{450}$ (The sample space is reduced to the number of persons who were not car phone users.)

The following table shows a random sample of 100 hikers and the areas of hiking preferred:

Hiking area preference
Sex	The Coastline	Near Lakes and Streams	On Mountain Peaks	Total
Female	18	16	___	45
Male	___	___	14	55
Total	___	41	___	___

Complete the table.

Hiking area preference
Sex	The Coastline	Near Lakes and Streams	On Mountain Peaks	Total
Female	18	16	11	45
Male	16	25	14	55
Total	34	41	25	100

Are the events "being female" and "preferring the coastline" independent events?

Let $F$ = being female and let $C$ = preferring the coastline.

a $P(F AND C)$ =
b $P(F) \cdot P(C)$ =

Are these two numbers the same? If they are, then $F$ and $C$ are independent. If they are not, then $F$ and $C$ are not independent.

a $P(F AND C) = \frac{18}{100} = 0.18$
b $P(F) \cdot P(C) = \frac{45}{100} \cdot \frac{34}{100} = 0.45 \cdot 0.34 = 0.153$

$P(F AND C) \neq P(F) \cdot P(C)$ , so the events $F$ and $C$ are not independent.

Find the probability that a person is male given that the person prefers hiking near lakes and streams. Let $M$ = being male and let $L$ = prefers hiking near lakes and streams.

a What word tells you this is a conditional?
b Fill in the blanks and calculate the probability: $P(___|___) =___$ .
c Is the sample space for this problem all 100 hikers? If not, what is it?

a The word 'given' tells you that this is a conditional.
b $P(M|L) = \frac{25}{41}$
c No, the sample space for this problem is 41.

Find the probability that a person is female or prefers hiking on mountain peaks. Let $F$ = being female and let $P$ = prefers mountain peaks.

a $P(F) =$
b $P(P) =$
c $P(F AND P) =$
d Therefore, $P(F OR P) =$

a $P(F) = \frac{45}{100}$
b $P(P) = \frac{25}{100}$
c $P(F AND P) = \frac{11}{100}$
d $P(F OR P) = \frac{45}{100} + \frac{25}{100} - \frac{11}{100} = \frac{59}{100}$

Muddy Mouse lives in a cage with 3 doors. If Muddy goes out the first door, the probability that he gets caught by Alissa the cat is $\frac{1}{5}$ and the probability he is not caught is $\frac{4}{5}$ . If he goes out the second door, the probability he gets caught by Alissa is $\frac{1}{4}$ and the probability he is not caught is $\frac{3}{4}$ . The probability that Alissa catches Muddy coming out of the third door is $\frac{1}{2}$ and the probability she does not catch Muddy is $\frac{1}{2}$ . It is equally likely that Muddy will choose any of the three doors so the probability of choosing each door is $\frac{1}{3}$ .

Door choice
Caught or Not	Door One	Door Two	Door Three	Total
Caught	$\frac{1}{15}$	$\frac{1}{12}$	$\frac{1}{6}$	____
Not Caught	$\frac{4}{15}$	$\frac{3}{12}$	$\frac{1}{6}$	____
Total	____	____	____	1

The first entry $\frac{1}{15} = (\frac{1}{5}) (\frac{1}{3})$ is $P(Door One AND Caught)$ .
The entry $\frac{4}{15} = (\frac{4}{5}) (\frac{1}{3})$ is $P(Door One AND Not Caught)$ .

Verify the remaining entries.

Complete the probability contingency table. Calculate the entries for the totals. Verify that the lower-right corner entry is 1.

Door choice
Caught or Not	Door One	Door Two	Door Three	Total
Caught	$\frac{1}{15}$	$\frac{1}{12}$	$\frac{1}{6}$	$\frac{19}{60}$
Not Caught	$\frac{4}{15}$	$\frac{3}{12}$	$\frac{1}{6}$	$\frac{41}{60}$
Total	$\frac{5}{15}$	$\frac{4}{12}$	$\frac{2}{6}$	1

What is the probability that Alissa does not catch Muddy?

$\frac{41}{60}$

What is the probability that Muddy chooses Door One OR Door Two given that Muddy is caught by Alissa?

$\frac{9}{19}$

You could also do this problem by using a probability tree. See the Tree Diagrams (Optional) section of this chapter for examples.

Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?

Aislinn Reply

tijani

what is titration

John Reply

what is physics

Siyaka Reply

A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance

Jude Reply

Can you compute that for me. Ty

Jude

what is the dimension formula of energy?

David Reply

what is viscosity?

David

what is inorganic

emma Reply

what is chemistry

Youesf Reply

what is inorganic

emma

Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes

Adjei

please, I'm a physics student and I need help in physics

Adjanou

chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.

Pedro

A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity

Krampah Reply

2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.

Sahid Reply

you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s

Samuel Reply

can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?

Joseph Reply

Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time

Joseph

Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing

Joseph

"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true

Ryan

what's motion

Maurice Reply

what are the types of wave

Maurice

answer

Magreth

progressive wave

Magreth

hello friend how are you

Muhammad Reply

fine, how about you?

Mohammed

Mujahid

A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?

yasuo Reply

Who can show me the full solution in this problem?

Reofrir Reply

Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!

Jobilize.com Reply

<< Chapter < Page Page > Chapter >>

Practice Key Terms 1

Read also:

Get Jobilize Job Search Mobile App in your pocket Now!

100% Free Mobile Applications
Receive real-time job alerts and never miss the right job again

Source: OpenStax, Collaborative statistics using spreadsheets. OpenStax CNX. Jan 05, 2016 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11521/1.23

Google Play and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google Inc.

Notification Switch

Would you like to follow the 'Collaborative statistics using spreadsheets' conversation and receive update notifications?

Ask

	Tournament Director Quiz By Eddie Unverzagt Start Quiz
	English Proficiency Test By Anindyo Mukhopadhyay Start Quiz
	Evolutionary Biology Ecology By Olivia D'Ambrogio Start Quiz
	19 Biology 19 The Evolution of Populations MCQ By OpenStax Start Quiz
©flickr: Abraham	Biology Exam 3 By Vanessa Soledad Start Exam
	Social Dances 2 By Marion Cabalfin Start Quiz
	28 Biology 28 Invertebrates MCQ By OpenStax Start Quiz
	1 Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology By Laurence Bailen Start Exam
	8 Java Persistence API By JavaChamp Team Start Quiz
	1 Microbiology Final 1 By Madison Christian Start Quiz