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Modeling with relations

Note that the nhbr relation can actually represent an arbitrarily weird board, such aslocations that look adjacent on the map but actually aren't, boards which wrap around a cylinder or toroid , or a location with a tunnel connecting it toa location far across the board (like the secret passages in the game Clue, or the harrowing sub trip through Naboo in Star Wars: The Phantom Menace .) One-way passages can be encoded as well(meaning the nhbr relation need not be symmetric). Actually, any graph can be represented!

How shall we encode concepts such as

location A has 3 dangerous neighbors
, using relations?

A good first guess might be to say we have a function which returns the number of pirates next to a given location.That is,

piratesNear A 3
. However,
piratesNear
doesn't qualify as a relation. Why not?

To work around this, we could propose a binary relation along the lines of

piratesNear A 3
. This is better, but it requires our domainto be not only board locations, but also numbers. And to be able to talk about numbers, we'd need more axioms,as well as numeric relations such as>.
Hmmm, what is the arity of
>
?
While this approach is feasible, and ultimately might be what we want, for now, let's stick with relations involvingonly locations, not numbers.

Okay, the third time's the charm: we'll implement the concept

A neighbors three pirates
as a relation has-3 A being true. To cover the cases when there are exactly two neighboring pirates,we'll use a whole new separate relation,
has-2
; has-2 A would be false on any board where has-3 A is true (at least, in our standard interpretation).

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Proofs otherwise unchanged.Note that we might express our rules as

for any locations x and y , we have the following axiom: has-3 x nhbr x y safe y
. Really, note that there's something else going on here: x and y are symbols which can represent any location: they are variables, whose value can be any element of the domain.

For the domain of types-of-vegetables, the relation yummy is a useful one to know, when cooking. In case you weren't sure, yummy Brussels sprouts , and yummy carrots .

Suppose we had a second relation, yucky . Is it conceivable that we could model a vegetable that's neitheryucky nor yummy, using these relations? Sure! (Iceberg lettuce, perhaps.)In fact, we could even have a vegetable which is both yummy and yucky — radishes!

A quick digression on a philosophical nuance: the domain for the above problem is not vegetables; it's types-of-vegetables.That is, we talk about whether or not carrots are yummy; this is different than talking the yumminess ofthe carrot I dropped under the couch yesterday, or the carrot underneath the chocolate sauce.In computer science, this often manifests itself as the difference between values, and types of values.As examples, we distinguish between 3 and the set of all integers, and we distinguish between particular carrots and the abstract idea of carrots.(Some languages even include types as values.) Philosophers enjoy debating how particular instances definethe abstract generalization, but for our purposes we'll take each both vegetables andtypes-of-vegetables as given.

Questions & Answers

the definition for anatomy and physiology
Watta Reply
what is microbiology
Agebe Reply
What is a cell
Odelana Reply
what is cell
Mohammed
how does Neisseria cause meningitis
Nyibol Reply
what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
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Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
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Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
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Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
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Source:  OpenStax, Intro to logic. OpenStax CNX. Jan 29, 2008 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10154/1.20
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