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SSPD_Chapter 1_Part13_Conclusions.
1.13.3. THE CONCLUSIONS OF BIG BANG THEORY.
Table 1.29. The elementary particles of the Universe.
| Carrier particles | Three generation of quarks and anti quarks | |
| Gravitons- carrier of gravitational forceRest mass- 0 GeV/c 2 Jspin - 2ћClassified as bosons0 electric chargeThreshold energy- 3×10 18 GeVThreshold temperature-3×10 31 KAbove the threshold energy, super symmetry is present. All four forces are unified as a single force. Below the threshold energy, super symmetry breaks. Gravitational force decouples from the remaining three forces. | up | Down |
| Photons- carrier of electromagnetic forcesRest mass- 0 GeV/c 2 Jspin - 1ћClassified as bosons0 electric chargeThreshold energy- 0.3 GeVThreshold temperature-4000K. Above 4000K, radiation dominates. Below 4000K, matter dominates. | strange | Charm |
| Intermediate vector bosons (W + , W - and Z 0 ) - carrier of weak forcesRest mass- 81 GeV/c 2 , 81 GeV/c 2 , 93 GeV/c 2 respectivelyJspin - 1ћClassified as bosonselectric charge positive, negative and zeroThreshold energy- 100GeVThreshold temperature-10 15 KAt 10 15 K ( t = 10 -10 second after the Big Bang), Salem-Weinberg Phase transition occurs. Above this temperature, strong force, weak and electromagnetic forces are unified. Up to this temperature, Universe is in Grand Unification Phase also known as GUT. Below this temperature weak force decouples as an independent force and relic intermediate vector bosons freeze out. But strong force and electromagnetic force remain unified.Below 10 15 K we are left with a quark, lepton and photon hot soup. | top | bottom |
| Hadrons(constituted of quarks) | ||
| Baryons(triplet of quarks)Real particles,Jspin=1/2ћ,Constituent of nucleus,Fermionic. | Gluons(doublet of quarks)Virtual ParticlesJspin=0ћCarrier of strong forces,Bosonic. | |
| neutrons, protonsΞ 0 , Ξ - , Λ 0 , Ώ - , Σ - , Σ + , Σ 0 | K mesons (K 0 , K - , K + and their antiparticles) and π mesons( π 0 , π - , π + and their antiparticles) | |
| Below 10 10 K, all three generation of Leptons stabilize. | LeptonsFermionsJspin=1/2ћ | Neutrinos |
| electron | Electron neutrino | |
| Mu-lepton | Mu neutrino | |
| Tau-lepton | Tau neutrino. |
On 4th July 2012,the announcement was made regarding the definite bump at 125GeV which is consistent with Higg's Boson.The Higgs boson has been making headlines, but it is the corresponding Higgs field that is the true prize. Such fields are a fundamental part of modern physics, permeating space and interacting with the particles that move through them — as a magnetic field causes iron filings to line up.
In comparison with electromagnetic and other fields, however, the Higgs field is “slightly odd”, admits Tom Kibble, one of six theoretical physicists who first invoked the mechanism in 1964. The field is both ubiquitous and directionless, much like the constant air temperature in every part of a still, silent cave. Particles that interact with the Higgs field gain mass — the more they interact with it, the heavier they become.
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