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In July 2003, Scientists superimposed SDSS data on the microwave intensity map developed by WMAP. They conclusively proved that there is what is known as integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect. Clustering of galaxies cause dimple in space- time fabric. Anti- gravity outward push tends to stretch out the dimples in an otherwise flat Universe and in the process tends to crush the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation at and near the dimples meaning by anti-gravity push shifts the microwave radiation towards shorter wavelength. This precisely was observed in the superimposed map. This is a definitive proof of dark energy dominance in our present Universe.[‘Breakthrough of the Year’, Scientist, 19 th December , 2003, Vol. 302, pp.2038-2039]
From 10 -43 second to 10 -35 second, Universe experienced inflationary expansion. Eq.(1.123), which gives the temperature, is applicable only after the inflationary phase.
According to Eq.(1.123), 10 -10 second after the big bang temperature reduces to 100GeV. Below this energy, the weak force freezes and this is known as GUT(Grand Unified Theory) Phase to Electro-Weak Phase transition . This Phase Transition is known as Salam-Wienberg Transition. As a result of this transition, weak forces decouple and Intermediate Vector Bosons, W + , W - and Z 0 freeze out as relic Vector Bosons.
Salam and Weinberg are two scientists who worked on electro-weak theory. Abdus Salam is of Pakistani origin who predominantly worked in West. Steven Weinberg is an American Scientist who wrote the popular book “ First Three Minutes”. These two Scientists were able to unify the weak force with electro-magnetic force and predict the existence of intermediate vector bosons which mediate the weak forces. For this discovery they were awarded Physics Nobel Prize in 1979 whereas the actual existence of intermediate vector bosons were proved in 1983. This is the reason why the transition from GUT Phase to Electro-Weak Phase is referred to as Salam-Weinberg Transition.
What are Vector Bosons?
W + &W - are messenger particles mediating the β decay. These have rest mass m W = 85m P = 80GeV.
Z 0 mediate the strong force events. These have rest mass m Z = 97m P = 91GeV.
At some primitive level that is at energy levels much higher than 100GeV, both forces, that is weak and electro-magnetic forces, are aspects of a single interaction mediated by four massless bosons.
At 10 -43 seconds after the Big-Bang the first spontaneous breaking of symmetry took place during Quantum-Gravitation to GUT phase transition. At that point symmetry breaking GRAVITATIONAL FORCE decoupled with relic gravitons freezing out.
At 10 -10 seconds after the Big-Bang, the second spontaneous symmetry breaking takes place during GUT to Electro-Weak phase transition. At that point WEAK FORCE decouples and relic intermediate vector bosons freeze out.
After 300,000 yrs after the Big-Bang, ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE decouples and relic photon or relic radiation freeze out which due to Hubble Expansion have today cooled down to and observed as 3 Kelvin Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR).
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