3.33 Sspd_chapter 1_part 13_ constituent particles of solid state  (Page 7/14)

Photon + Photon ↔ Particle + anti- Particle……………………………… 1.125

At Planck’s time, the temperature is 10 ^19 GeV

and the wavelength of the photon is: λ = [1.24/E(eV)] μm

= [1.24/(10 ^19 ×10 ^9 eV)] μm

λ = 1.24×10 ^-34 m …………………………….. 1.126

As we have already shown that at the super temperature of 10 ¹⁹ GeV, all the four forces are unified. This is called the super symmetry state.

With further expansion, temperature falls below 10 ¹⁹ GeV and super symmetry is broken. Here the Gravitation force decouples and Universe undergoes a phase transition from Quantum Gravitation to Grand Unified Phase. The Graviton Bosons which decouple are frozen and referred to as relic Gravitons. The Gravitons are boson particles which mediate the gravitational force.

We know from Classical Physics that if water undergoes phase transition from gas to liquid or from liquid to solid, it gives off latent heat without effecting the temperature. In a similar fashion, during the phase transition from Quantum Gravitation to Grand unified Phase, a large energy is released which changes the monotonic expansion to inflationary expansion.

Allen Guth gives an alternative conjecture for inflationary expansion:

In gauge field it is possible for vacuum to get excited. It possesses enormous pressure and energy. This pressure comes out to be negative. Normally mass , energy and pressure gravitate. In case of false vacuum, pressure causes three times as much energy and being negative it causes anti-gravity i.e. expansion.

Guth reasoned that if the Universe originated in an excited vacuum state, it need not have begun with a bang. It in fact started with a quantum whimper. Antigravity launched Universe on an inflationary phase- exponentially growing rapid expansion with e-folding time of 10 ^-35 second . In a dozen e-folding times, whimper became a bang and any magnetic monopoles if existing became so diluted in density that they became traceless.[ New Physics- A Synthesis, by Paul Davies, taken from the book “ The New Physics” edited by Paul Davies, Cambridge University Press, 1992]

Recent developments in Astronomy and Astrophysics have completely vindicated Allen Guth conjecture.

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) gave a detailed picture of 3Kelvin Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. This picture clearly indicates that Universe is only 4% ordinary matter made of electrons, protons and neutrons, 23% is dark matter made of as yet undetected exotic particles and 73% is dark energy or antigravity energy which Allen Guth had used in his conjecture. Ordinary matter and dark matter are responsible for gravitational attraction whereas dark energy is responsible for anti-gravity push which is responsible for accelerated expansion of the Universe as presently observed. WMAP data also establishes that the density of mass is just equal the critical density as a result the Universe is flat.

In the past decade Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has been carried out in which a million galaxies have been mapped. The analysis of that data also arrives at the same conclusion that Universe is dominated by dark energy.