3.33 Sspd_chapter 1_part 13_ constituent particles of solid state  (Page 16/14)

SSPD_Chapter 1_Part 13_ Constituent particles of Solid State of Matter_Their Birth and Evolution.

1.13. THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENT PARTICLES OF OUR UNIVERSE AND THEIR STATISTICS- BOSE-EINSTEIN STATISTICS AND FERMI-DIRAC STATISTICS.

From the beginning of proto-human and human society, “how ,why and where from” like questions have been arising in human minds.

About 8 million years before the present, plate tectonic movement led to the formation of the Great Rift Valley in Africa specifically in Tanzania. The West Side climate was unaffected and it remained as it was before - lush, green forests. The inhabitants on the West side grew as they were growing. On the West Side the Primate group of hominids (tailless monkeys ) were developing into Chimpanzees and Apes. But the East Side underwent a drastic climatic change. Dry and arid condition transformed the lush, green forest covers into large savannah grasslands with clumps of trees few and far between. On the East Side , hominids developed into Prognids. These arboreal creatures which lived in the trees were confronted with completely new challenges.

If we trace our genealogical path of evolution, old world monkey developed from squirrel monkey also known as insectivore. A phylo-genetic branch of old world monkey developed into a species of tail-less monkey.

On the West Side of the Great Rift Valley, these tail-less monkeys evolved into chimpanzees also known as Panidae.

On the East Side, these developed into Hominidae.

In palaeo-anthropolgy ( the study of Proto Human Societies), the first form of hominidae is referred to as AUSTRALAPITHECUS (the southern apes). Hominidae is completely distinct from Apes and Chimpanzees.

The fruits and flowers became scarce and the males of this genre had to come down the trees in search of food particularly roots and underground tuber. They formed small bands of food gatherers and moved along Omo river in search of food. Once enough food was collected they carried them in their hands to their arboreal abodes, So by necessity they became bipeds whereas their female counterparts in the trees remained quadraped.

Thus a genre of tail-less hominids developed into erect , walking bipeds which were referred to as Austrlopethecus Afarensis.

These developed into Homo-habilis (handy man), Homo-erectus ( erect man) and Homo-sapiens (wise man).

The roots and fruits gatherers became scavengers. The discovery and use of fire turned these scavengers into powerful hunters , tool makers and cave dwellers.

Probably until 30,000 years B.P. he was a nomadic hunter living in caves. He was able to make tools and weapons out of bone, wood and flint stone.

His knowledge from experience, known as empirical knowledge, was recorded in the inner parts of his cave as wall paintings. Many such wall paintings are being discovered in pre-historical cave settlements in different parts of the world. These wall paintings shed light on the life style and the material achievements of those cave dwellers. Proto-human and human societies during this period are referred to as Savage Society and subsequently as Barbarian Society. Human beings were nomadic because they were collectors, foragers and hunters.