3.33 Sspd_chapter 1_part 13_ constituent particles of solid state  (Page 2/14)

At the end of the last Ice Age which was marked by Great Floods about 10,000 year BP a qualitative change occurred in the Human society. In course of hunting, human beings learnt husbandry, cattle rearing and in the process of growing fodders for their livestock they also learnt agriculture. This completely changed their lifestyle from that of a nomad to that of a settled village life. This marked the beginning of Civilization.

This also saw the emergence of State, Private Property and Monogamous Patriarchal Family. By corollary the Savage and Barbarian Society had self rule, community property and matriarchal gen families.

About 7000 years BP a kingdom under Manu Clan was thriving in the Gangetic Valley and Brahmputra Valley. Almost simultaneously a great City State was thriving in the river valleys of Sapt Sindhu. This we know as Mohenjaro and Harappan Civilization. This expanded along the legendary Sarswati River, which is completely lost today, upto Rann of Kutch.

Almost simultaneously Mesopatamian Civilization thrived in the river valley of Tigris and Eupharates ( in modern Iraq).

In the river valley of Nile River , Egyptian Civilization thrived and prospered.

In the river valley of Yangtze and Yellow River( the river of sorrow), the Chinese Civilization developed.

The development of production and productivity in these River Valley Civilizations led to increased surplus value. The increased surplus value led to capital formation and exchange. Trade and Commerce centers developed.

Trade and Commerce Centers led to the development of city states. Development of such city states on Greek Peninsula led to the development of Greek Civilization.

Greek Philosophers were not satisfied with the answers to the question ‘HOW’. They wanted to know the theoretical basis of all the events in Nature. They wanted the answers to the questions ‘WHY’ and ‘WHEREFROM’.

The question raised in this Modern Age were all raised in the Ancient Age of the Greek Civilization.

In BC450, two Greek philosophers had proposed a hypothesis for the birth and evolution of Universe which was very near the modern theory of Cosmogny and Cosmology. But the stalwarts of those times, namely Plato and Aristotle outright rejected these hypothesis.

Greek Civilization offered the Ptolemic World View which regarded Earth as the center of our Solar System. This was called the Geocentric World View.

During the renaissance period , Copernicus and Galileo had to make extreme sacrifices and face excommunication for putting forward the heliocentric world view which puts Sun at the center of our Solar System.

In Rig Veda of Indian Civilization many hypothesis were put forward regarding Cosmogny and Cosmology.

In Bible a very definitive scenario is described regarding the theory of Creation which is known as GENESIS.

According to Genesis, 4000 years BP the Universe was created by God. In first six months the creation of all inanimates as well as animates was achieved. Since then every thing has remained immutable and unalterable.