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Conceptual questions
Explain why the fission of heavy nuclei releases energy. Similarly, why is it that energy input is required to fission light nuclei?
Explain, in terms of conservation of momentum and energy, why collisions of neutrons with protons will thermalize neutrons better than collisions with oxygen.
The ruins of the Chernobyl reactor are enclosed in a huge concrete structure built around it after the accident. Some rain penetrates the building in winter, and radioactivity from the building increases. What does this imply is happening inside?
Since the uranium or plutonium nucleus fissions into several fission fragments whose mass distribution covers a wide range of pieces, would you expect more residual radioactivity from fission than fusion? Explain.
The core of a nuclear reactor generates a large amount of thermal energy from the decay of fission products, even when the power-producing fission chain reaction is turned off. Would this residual heat be greatest after the reactor has run for a long time or short time? What if the reactor has been shut down for months?
How can a nuclear reactor contain many critical masses and not go supercritical? What methods are used to control the fission in the reactor?
Why can heavy nuclei with odd numbers of neutrons be induced to fission with thermal neutrons, whereas those with even numbers of neutrons require more energy input to induce fission?
Why is a conventional fission nuclear reactor not able to explode as a bomb?
Problem exercises
(a) Calculate the energy released in the neutron-induced fission (similar to the spontaneous fission in
[link] )
given
and
. (b) This result is about 6 MeV greater than the result for spontaneous fission. Why? (c) Confirm that the total number of nucleons and total charge are conserved in this reaction.
(a) 177.1 MeV
(b) Because the gain of an external neutron yields about 6 MeV, which is the average
for heavy nuclei.
(c)
(a) Calculate the energy released in the neutron-induced fission reaction
given
and
.
(b) Confirm that the total number of nucleons and total charge are conserved in this reaction.
(a) Calculate the energy released in the neutron-induced fission reaction
given
and
.
(b) Confirm that the total number of nucleons and total charge are conserved in this reaction.
(a) 180.6 MeV
(b)
Confirm that each of the reactions listed for plutonium breeding just following
[link] conserves the total number of nucleons, the total charge, and electron family number.
Breeding plutonium produces energy even before any plutonium is fissioned. (The primary purpose of the four nuclear reactors at Chernobyl was breeding plutonium for weapons. Electrical power was a by-product used by the civilian population.) Calculate the energy produced in each of the reactions listed for plutonium breeding just following
[link] . The pertinent masses are
,
, and
.
4.81 MeV
0.753 MeV
0.211 MeV
The naturally occurring radioactive isotope
does not make good fission fuel, because it has an even number of neutrons; however, it can be bred into a suitable fuel (much as
is bred into
).
(a) What are
and
for
?
(b) Write the reaction equation for neutron captured by
and identify the nuclide
produced in
.
(c) The product nucleus
decays, as does its daughter. Write the decay equations for each, and identify the final nucleus.
(d) Confirm that the final nucleus has an odd number of neutrons, making it a better fission fuel.
(e) Look up the half-life of the final nucleus to see if it lives long enough to be a useful fuel.
The electrical power output of a large nuclear reactor facility is 900 MW. It has a 35.0% efficiency in converting nuclear power to electrical.
(a) What is the thermal nuclear power output in megawatts?
(b) How many
nuclei fission each second, assuming the average fission produces 200 MeV?
(c) What mass of
is fissioned in one year of full-power operation?
(a)
(b)
(c) 991 kg
A large power reactor that has been in operation for some months is turned off, but residual activity in the core still produces 150 MW of power. If the average energy per decay of the fission products is 1.00 MeV, what is the core activity in curies?
Questions & Answers
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what is defense mechanisms
Chinaza
I'm interested in biological psychology and cognitive psychology
what does preconceived mean
How can I develope my cognitive domain
why is communication effective
Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
effective communication can lead to improved outcomes in various settings, including personal relationships, business environments, and educational settings. By communicating effectively, individuals can negotiate effectively, solve problems collaboratively, and work towards common goals.
it starts up serve and return practice/assessments.it helps find voice talking therapy also assessments through relaxed conversation.
miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
please i need answer
Wekolamo
because it helps many people around the world to understand how to interact with other people and understand them well, for example at work (job).
Agreed 👍 There are many parts of our brains and behaviors, we really need to get to know. Blessings for everyone and happy Sunday!
ARC
A child is a member of community not society elucidate ?
Isn't practices worldwide, be it psychology, be it science. isn't much just a false belief of control over something the mind cannot truly comprehend?
compare and contrast skinner's perspective on personality development on freud
Skinner skipped the whole unconscious phenomenon and rather emphasized on classical conditioning
war
explain how nature and nurture affect the development and later the productivity of an individual.
nature is an hereditary factor while nurture is an environmental factor which constitute an individual personality. so if an individual's parent has a deviant behavior and was also brought up in an deviant environment, observation of the behavior and the inborn trait we make the individual deviant.
Samuel
I am taking this course because I am hoping that I could somehow learn more about my chosen field of interest and due to the fact that being a PsyD really ignites my passion as an individual the more I hope to learn about developing and literally explore the complexity of my critical thinking skills
and having a good philosophy of the world is like a sandwich and a peanut butter 👍
Jonathan
generally amnesi how long yrs memory loss
interpersonal relationships
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Source:
OpenStax, Physics 101. OpenStax CNX. Jan 07, 2013 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11479/1.1
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