2.9 Calculus of the hyperbolic functions

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Apply the formulas for derivatives and integrals of the hyperbolic functions.
Apply the formulas for the derivatives of the inverse hyperbolic functions and their associated integrals.
Describe the common applied conditions of a catenary curve.

We were introduced to hyperbolic functions in Introduction to Functions and Graphs , along with some of their basic properties. In this section, we look at differentiation and integration formulas for the hyperbolic functions and their inverses.

Derivatives and integrals of the hyperbolic functions

Recall that the hyperbolic sine and hyperbolic cosine are defined as

sinh x = \frac{e^{x} - e^{− x}}{2} and cosh x = \frac{e^{x} + e^{− x}}{2} .

The other hyperbolic functions are then defined in terms of $sinh x$ and $cosh x .$ The graphs of the hyperbolic functions are shown in the following figure.

This figure has six graphs. The first graph labeled “a” is of the function y=sinh(x). It is an increasing function from the 3rd quadrant, through the origin to the first quadrant. The second graph is labeled “b” and is of the function y=cosh(x). It decreases in the second quadrant to the intercept y=1, then becomes an increasing function. The third graph labeled “c” is of the function y=tanh(x). It is an increasing function from the third quadrant, through the origin, to the first quadrant. The fourth graph is labeled “d” and is of the function y=coth(x). It has two pieces, one in the third quadrant and one in the first quadrant with a vertical asymptote at the y-axis. The fifth graph is labeled “e” and is of the function y=sech(x). It is a curve above the x-axis, increasing in the second quadrant, to the y-axis at y=1 and then decreases. The sixth graph is labeled “f” and is of the function y=csch(x). It has two pieces, one in the third quadrant and one in the first quadrant with a vertical asymptote at the y-axis. — Graphs of the hyperbolic functions.

It is easy to develop differentiation formulas for the hyperbolic functions. For example, looking at $sinh x$ we have

\begin{matrix} \frac{d}{d x} (sinh x) & = \frac{d}{d x} (\frac{e^{x} - e^{− x}}{2}) \\ = \frac{1}{2} [\frac{d}{d x} (e^{x}) - \frac{d}{d x} (e^{− x})] \\ = \frac{1}{2} [e^{x} + e^{− x}] = cosh x . \end{matrix}

Similarly, $(d / d x) cosh x = sinh x .$ We summarize the differentiation formulas for the hyperbolic functions in the following table.

Derivatives of the hyperbolic functions
$f (x)$	$\frac{d}{d x} f (x)$
$sinh x$	$cosh x$
$cosh x$	$sinh x$
$tanh x$	${sech}^{2} x$
$coth x$	$− {csch}^{2} x$
$sech x$	$− sech x tanh x$
$csch x$	$− csch x coth x$

Let’s take a moment to compare the derivatives of the hyperbolic functions with the derivatives of the standard trigonometric functions. There are a lot of similarities, but differences as well. For example, the derivatives of the sine functions match: $(d / d x) sin x = cos x$ and $(d / d x) sinh x = cosh x .$ The derivatives of the cosine functions, however, differ in sign: $(d / d x) cos x = − sin x,$ but $(d / d x) cosh x = sinh x .$ As we continue our examination of the hyperbolic functions, we must be mindful of their similarities and differences to the standard trigonometric functions.

These differentiation formulas for the hyperbolic functions lead directly to the following integral formulas.

\begin{matrix} \int sinh u d u & = & cosh u + C & \int {csch}^{2} u d u & = & − coth u + C \\ \int cosh u d u & = & sinh u + C & \int sech u tanh u d u & = & − sech u + C \\ \int {sech}^{2} u d u & = & tanh u + C & \int csch u coth u d u & = & − csch u + C \end{matrix}

Differentiating hyperbolic functions

Evaluate the following derivatives:

$\frac{d}{d x} (sinh (x^{2}))$
$\frac{d}{d x} {(cosh x)}^{2}$

Using the formulas in [link] and the chain rule, we get

$\frac{d}{d x} (sinh (x^{2})) = cosh (x^{2}) \cdot 2 x$
$\frac{d}{d x} {(cosh x)}^{2} = 2 cosh x sinh x$

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Evaluate the following derivatives:

$\frac{d}{d x} (tanh (x^{2} + 3 x))$
$\frac{d}{d x} (\frac{1}{{(sinh x)}^{2}})$

$\frac{d}{d x} (tanh (x^{2} + 3 x)) = ({sech}^{2} (x^{2} + 3 x)) (2 x + 3)$
$\frac{d}{d x} (\frac{1}{{(sinh x)}^{2}}) = \frac{d}{d x} {(sinh x)}^{−2} = −2 {(sinh x)}^{−3} cosh x$

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Integrals involving hyperbolic functions

Evaluate the following integrals:

$\int x cosh (x^{2}) d x$
$\int tanh x d x$

We can use u -substitution in both cases.

Let $u = x^{2} .$ Then, $d u = 2 x d x$ and

$\int x cosh (x^{2}) d x = \int \frac{1}{2} cosh u d u = \frac{1}{2} sinh u + C = \frac{1}{2} sinh (x^{2}) + C .$
Let $u = cosh x .$ Then, $d u = sinh x d x$ and

$\int tanh x d x = \int \frac{sinh x}{cosh x} d x = \int \frac{1}{u} d u = ln | u | + C = ln | cosh x | + C .$

Note that $cosh x > 0$ for all $x,$ so we can eliminate the absolute value signs and obtain

$\int tanh x d x = ln (cosh x) + C .$

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Evaluate the following integrals:

$\int {sinh}^{3} x cosh x d x$
$\int {sech}^{2} (3 x) d x$

$\int {sinh}^{3} x cosh x d x = \frac{{sinh}^{4} x}{4} + C$
$\int {sech}^{2} (3 x) d x = \frac{tanh (3 x)}{3} + C$

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Calculus of inverse hyperbolic functions

Looking at the graphs of the hyperbolic functions, we see that with appropriate range restrictions, they all have inverses. Most of the necessary range restrictions can be discerned by close examination of the graphs. The domains and ranges of the inverse hyperbolic functions are summarized in the following table.

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Source: OpenStax, Calculus volume 2. OpenStax CNX. Feb 05, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11965/1.2

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