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| Physical Surroundings | Description | Examples | Frameworks | Frameworks |
| Physical environment imposes constraints (limits) over actions that restrict possibilities and shape implementation. | Influence of rivers, mountains, and valleys on social and economic activities such as travel, trade, economic and agricultural activity, commerce, industry, and manufacturing. | Classroom environment enables or constrains different teaching and learning styles. For example, one can pair off technically enhanced and technically challenged classrooms with student-centered and teacher-centered pedagogical styles and come up with four different learning environments. Each constrains and enables a different set of activities. | The physical arrangement of objects in the classroom as well as the borders created by walls, doors, and cubicles can steer a class toward teacher-centered or student-centered pedagogical styles. |
| Stakeholders | Description | Examples | Frameworks | Frameworks |
| Any group or individual that has a vital interest at play (at stake) in the STS. | Market Stakeholders : Employees, Stockholders | Non-Market Stakeholders : communities, activist groups and NGOs | Role : The place or station a stakeholder occupies in a given organizational system and the associated tasks or responsibilities. | |
| customers, suppliers retailers/wholesalers, creditors | business support groups, governments, general public (those impacted by projects who do not participate directly in their development | Interests : Goods, values, rights, interests, and preferences at play in the situation which the stakeholder will act to protect or promote. | ||
| (Distinction between market and non-market stakeholders comes from Lawrence and Weber, Business and Society: Stakeholders, Ethics, Public Policy , 12th edition. McGraw-Hill, 14-15. | Alliances are discussed by Patricia Werhane et al., Alleviating Poverty Through Profitable Partnerships: Globalization, Markets, and Economic Well-being . Routledge (2009). | Relation : Each stakeholder is related to other stakeholders in an alliance and each relation is tied to goods and values. |
| Procedural | Description | Examples | Framework | Framework |
| A series of interrelated actions carried out in a particular sequence to bring about a desired result, such as the realization of a value. Procedures can schematize value by setting out a script for its realization. | Hiring a new employee: (a) settling on and publishing a job description; (b) soliciting and reviewing applications from candidates; (c) reducing candidate list and interviewing finalists; (d) selecting a candidate; (e) tendering that candidate a job offer.Other procedures: forming a corporation, filing for bankruptcy, gaining consent to transfer TGI and PII to a third party (Toysmart: opt-in and opt-out procedures). | Value Realization Process in Software Engineering: (a) Discovery : Uncovering values shared by a given community; (b) Translation : operationalizing and implementing values in a given STS; (c) Verification : using methods of participatory observation (surveys and interviews) to validate that the values in question have been discovered and translated. | Challenging the Statement of Values : (a) A stakeholder group raises a conceptual, translation, range, or development issue; (b) Group presents their challenge and response to other stakeholders; (c) If other stakeholder groups agree, then the challenge leads to a revision in the SOV; (d) Community as a whole approves the revision. |
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