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4.3 die ontwikkeling van meetinstrumente deur die geskiedenis heen in verskillende kulture beskryf en illustreer;.
4.4 die Stelling van Pythagoras gebruik om probleme op te los wat ontbrekende lengtes in bekende meetkundige figure en driedimensionele voorwerpe behels.

Memorandum

Meetkunde

Bespreking

Wys leerders op die verwantskap tussen hoekgroottes en lengtes van oorstaande sye, m.a.w. dat die grootste hoek teenoor die langste sy is, ens. In hierdie verband is die volgende stellings van belang:

In Δ ABC :

As b 2 = a 2 + c 2 , dan B ˆ size 12{ { hat {B}}} {} = 90°

As b 2 > a 2 + c 2 , dan B ˆ size 12{ { hat {B}}} {} >90°

As b 2 < a 2 + c 2 , dan B ˆ size 12{ { hat {B}}} {} <90°

  • Deur konstruksie kan hierdie verwantskappe maklik bevestig word. As daar tyd is, sou dit ‘n goeie bekendstellingsoefening wees.
  • Vele leerders kom in graad 9 in sonder ‘n begrip van die belangrikheid van die keuse van hoogte en basis van ‘n driehoek vir die berekening van oppervlakte. Bevestig weer aan hulle dat die hoogte gemeet word vanaf die hoekpunt oorstaande tot die basis, loodreg op die basis. Hierdie punt word baie duidelik as leerders ‘n oefening doen om verskillende ongelykhoekige driehoeke te teken en drie hoogtelyne te trek en dan die oppervlakte driekeer uit te werk.

Kongruensie

In die eerste oefening van aktiwiteit 3.2 moet die leerders liefs nie in groot groepe saamwerk nie – pare sou goed wees. Die doel is om soveel moontlik verskillende weergawes van die driehoek te verkry, om sodoende te toon wanneer hulle kongruent is en wanneer nie. Heel beste is om hierdie oefening as huiswerk te gee as die leerders dit sonder hulp sou kon voltooi.

Wanneer die vier kongruensie-gevalle bespreek word, let op dat twee reghoekige driehoeke wel kongruent is as twee nie-skuissy sye onderskeidelik gelyk is; nie deur die RHS -reël nie, maar wel deur SS .

Leerders moet ook gewoond raak aan figure wat nie volgens skaal geteken is nie – en dat die gegewe mate op die skets gebruik moet word. Tensy gevra moet hulle nie kenmerke meet nie.

Antwoorde op pas-oefening:

A O ( SSS of RHS uit berekende skuinssy, Pythagoras)

B G ( S S ) Nie kongruent aan I nie; die gegewe hoek is nie ingeslote nie

C F N ( SSS of RHS uit berekende skuinssy)

D , L en K is nie kongruent nie – slegs hoeke is gegee

E H ( S ) Nie kongruent aan M nie; die gegewe sy is nie in ooreenstemmende posisie nie

  • Streng bewysvoering word nie van graad 9-leerders verwag nie. Een van die grootste waardes van meetkunde, egter, is dat leerders geleer word om op ‘n logiese en streng wyse te werk te gaan. Leerders wat besonder by so ‘n benadering sou baat behoort aangemoedig word om so te werk, veral met die oog op verdere studie.

Kongruensiebewyse:

1.  C = 180° – 88° – 43° = 49° =  F (som van hoeke van Δ)

B = 43° =  E (gegee)

AB = 15 = DE oorkant 49°–hoeke (gegee)

Δ ABC  Δ DEF ( S )

2. BC = 12 = FE (Pythagoras)

AC = 15 = DE (gegee)

Reghoekige driehoeke

Δ ABC  Δ D FE ( RHS )

3. BC = BC (gemene / gedeelde sy)

B = 55° =  C (gegee)

A =  D (gegee; sien merkie)

Δ ABC  Δ D CB ( RHS )

Gelykvormigheid

Met ‘n fotokopieerder kan opvoeders nog oefeninge ontwerp wat die beginsels van gelykvormigheid goed illustreer deur direkte meting.

Oefening:

Q = 55° en  Z = 65°

Δ PQR  Δ XYZ (gelykhoekig)

213 = 3(71)

PR = 201  3 = 67 en XY = 74 × 3 = 222

DE = AB × 4, DF = AC × 4 and EF = BC × 4

Δ ABC  Δ DEF (sye in verhouding)

Ooreenstemmende hoeke moet gelyk wees

A =  D = 62°;  E =  B = 49° en  C =  F = 69° (som van hoeke van Δ)

Oefening uit aktiwiteit 3.5:

1.1 Ja, Pythagoras gee BG = 12 cm en PT = 3 cm; sye in verhouding

1.2 Ja,  E = 70° =  U en  P = 60° =  R (hoeke van driehoek); gelykhoekig

1.3 Nee, LP = 5 cm en AT = 20 cm (Pythagoras); maar sye nie in verhouding

2. Konstante verhouding = 36  12 = 3

3. Kort vlagpaal is 6,67 m hoog

4. Stapel boeke op kopie is 18  2 × 3 = 27 cm hoog

54  27 = 2 is die faktor waarmee ontwerp verklein is.

Toets

Hierdie eenheid het nie ‘n toets nie.

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Source:  OpenStax, Wiskunde graad 9. OpenStax CNX. Sep 14, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11055/1.1
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