15.6 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics: disorder and

There is yet another way of expressing the second law of thermodynamics. This version relates to a concept called entropy    . By examining it, we shall see that the directions associated with the second law—heat transfer from hot to cold, for example—are related to the tendency in nature for systems to become disordered and for less energy to be available for use as work. The entropy of a system can in fact be shown to be a measure of its disorder and of the unavailability of energy to do work.

We can see how entropy is defined by recalling our discussion of the Carnot engine. We noted that for a Carnot cycle, and hence for any reversible processes, $Q_{\text{c}}/Q_{\text{h}}=T_{\text{c}}/T_{\text{h}}$ . Rearranging terms yields

for any reversible process. $Q_{\text{c}}$ and $Q_{\text{h}}$ are absolute values of the heat transfer at temperatures $T_{\text{c}}$ and $T_{\text{h}}$ , respectively. This ratio of $Q/T$ is defined to be the change in entropy     $\mathrm{\Delta }S$ for a reversible process,

where $Q$ is the heat transfer, which is positive for heat transfer into and negative for heat transfer out of, and $T$ is the absolute temperature at which the reversible process takes place. The SI unit for entropy is joules per kelvin (J/K). If temperature changes during the process, then it is usually a good approximation (for small changes in temperature) to take $T$ to be the average temperature, avoiding the need to use integral calculus to find $\mathrm{\Delta }S$ .

The definition of $\mathrm{\Delta }S$ is strictly valid only for reversible processes, such as used in a Carnot engine. However, we can find $\mathrm{\Delta }S$ precisely even for real, irreversible processes. The reason is that the entropy $S$ of a system, like internal energy $U$ , depends only on the state of the system and not how it reached that condition. Entropy is a property of state. Thus the change in entropy $\mathrm{\Delta }S$ of a system between state 1 and state 2 is the same no matter how the change occurs. We just need to find or imagine a reversible process that takes us from state 1 to state 2 and calculate $\mathrm{\Delta }S$ for that process. That will be the change in entropy for any process going from state 1 to state 2. (See [link] .)