15.2 Biogeochemical cycles  (Page 5/19)

Organic nitrogen is especially important to the study of ecosystem dynamics since many ecosystem processes, such as primary production and decomposition, are limited by the available supply of nitrogen. As shown in [link] , the nitrogen that enters living systems by nitrogen fixation is eventually converted from organic nitrogen back into nitrogen gas by bacteria. This process occurs in three steps in terrestrial systems: ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. First, the ammonification process converts nitrogenous waste from living animals or from the remains of dead animals into ammonium (NH ₄ ⁺ ) by certain bacteria and fungi. Second, this ammonium is then converted to nitrites (NO ₂ ⁻ ) by nitrifying bacteria, such as Nitrosomonas , through nitrification. Subsequently, nitrites are converted to nitrates (NO ₃ ⁻ ) by similar organisms. Lastly, the process of denitrification occurs, whereby bacteria, such as Pseudomonas and Clostridium , convert the nitrates into nitrogen gas, thus allowing it to re-enter the atmosphere.

Art connection

Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is false?

1. Ammonification converts organic nitrogenous matter from living organisms into ammonium (NH ₄ ⁺ ).
2. Denitrification by bacteria converts nitrates (NO ₃ ⁻ )to nitrogen gas (N ₂ ).
3. Nitrification by bacteria converts nitrates (NO ₃ ⁻ )to nitrites (NO ₂ ⁻ )
4. Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas (N ₂ ) into organic compounds.

Human activity can release nitrogen into the environment by two primary means: the combustion of fossil fuels, which releases different nitrogen oxides, and by the use of artificial fertilizers (which contain nitrogen and phosphorus compounds) in agriculture, which are then washed into lakes, streams, and rivers by surface runoff. Atmospheric nitrogen (other than N ₂ ) is associated with several effects on Earth’s ecosystems including the production of acid rain (as nitric acid, HNO ₃ ) and greenhouse gas effects (as nitrous oxide, N ₂ O), potentially causing climate change. A major effect from fertilizer runoff is saltwater and freshwater eutrophication    , a process whereby nutrient runoff causes the overgrowth of algae and a number of consequential problems.

A similar process occurs in the marine nitrogen cycle, where the ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification processes are performed by marine bacteria and archaea. Some of this nitrogen falls to the ocean floor as sediment, which can then be moved to land in geologic time by uplift of Earth’s surface, and thereby incorporated into terrestrial rock. Although the movement of nitrogen from rock directly into living systems has been traditionally seen as insignificant compared with nitrogen fixed from the atmosphere, a recent study showed that this process may indeed be significant and should be included in any study of the global nitrogen cycle. ^{Scott L. Morford, Benjamin Z. Houlton, and Randy A. Dahlgren, “Increased Forest Ecosystem Carbon and Nitrogen Storage from Nitrogen Rich Bedrock,” Nature 477, no. 7362 (2011): 78–81.}