12.5 Applications of thermodynamics: heat pumps and refrigerators  (Page 4/7)

Air conditioners and refrigerators

Air conditioners and refrigerators are designed to cool something down in a warm environment. As with heat pumps, work input is required for heat transfer from cold to hot, and this is expensive. The quality of air conditioners and refrigerators is judged by how much heat transfer $Q_{\text{c}}$ occurs from a cold environment compared with how much work input $W$ is required. What is considered the benefit in a heat pump is considered waste heat in a refrigerator. We thus define the coefficient of performance     ${\text{(COP}}_{\text{ref}}\text{)}$ of an air conditioner or refrigerator to be

Noting again that $Q_{\text{h}}=Q_{\text{c}}+W$ , we can see that an air conditioner will have a lower coefficient of performance than a heat pump, because ${\text{COP}}_{\text{hp}}=Q_{\text{h}}/W$ and $Q_{\text{h}}$ is greater than $Q_{\text{c}}$ . In this module’s Problems and Exercises, you will show that

for a heat engine used as either an air conditioner or a heat pump operating between the same two temperatures. Real air conditioners and refrigerators typically do remarkably well, having values of ${\text{COP}}_{\text{ref}}$ ranging from 2 to 6. These numbers are better than the ${\text{COP}}_{\text{hp}}$ values for the heat pumps mentioned above, because the temperature differences are smaller, but they are less than those for Carnot engines operating between the same two temperatures.

A type of $\text{COP}$ rating system called the “energy efficiency rating” ( $\text{EER}$ ) has been developed. This rating is an example where non-SI units are still used and relevant to consumers. To make it easier for the consumer, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the U.S. use an Energy Star Rating out of 5 stars—the more stars, the more energy efficient the appliance. $\text{EER}\text{s}$ are expressed in mixed units of British thermal units (Btu) per hour of heating or cooling divided by the power input in watts. Room air conditioners are readily available with $\text{EER}\text{s}$ ranging from 6 to 12. Although not the same as the $\text{COP}\text{s}$ just described, these $\text{EER}\text{s}$ are good for comparison purposes—the greater the $\text{EER}$ , the cheaper an air conditioner is to operate (but the higher its purchase price is likely to be).

The $\text{EER}$ of an air conditioner or refrigerator can be expressed as

where $Q_{\text{c}}$ is the amount of heat transfer from a cold environment in British thermal units, $t_{\text{1}}$ is time in hours, $W$ is the work input in joules, and $t_{\text{2}}$ is time in seconds.