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Vooroordele en foute

Foute kan insluip by enige data-opnames. Onwillekeurige foute kom voor in alle datastelle en staan soms bekend as nie-sistematiese foute. Onwillekeurige foute kan ontstaan as gevolg van die skatting van datawaardes, onakkuraatheid van instrumente, ens. As jy byvoorbeeld lengtes aflees van 'n liniaal, kan onwillekeurige foute insluip in elke meting as gevolg van die skatting tussen watter twee lyntjies die lengte lê. Wanvoorstellings (vals voorstellings) staan ook soms bekend as sistematiese foute. Wanvoorstellings in 'n datastel kom voor wanneer die datawaardes deurlopend oor- of onderskat word. Wanvoorstellings kan ook ontstaan wanneer korreksiefaktore nie in aanmerking geneem word nie of wanneer instrumente nie behoorlik gekalibreer is nie (kalibrering is die proses waarin instrumente gemerk word volgens vooraf gedefinieërde mate). Wanvoorstellings lei tot die berekening van 'n foutiewe steekproefgemiddelde wat groter of kleiner kan wees as die ware gemiddelde.

Data interpretasie

Baie mense aanvaar statistieke goedsmoeds en pas dit blindweg toe of haal dit aan. Dit is egter nie wys nie want die data wat aanleiding gee tot die statistieke moet noukeurig oorweeg word. 'n Welbekende voorbeeld van verskeie datastelle wat lei na dieselfde statistiese analise (die proses waarin data ondersoek word en maatstawe van sentrale neiging bereken word, ens.) terwyl hulle in der waarheid baie van mekaar verskil, is Anscombe se kwartet. Dit word getoon in [link] . In Graad 11 sal jy metodes bestudeer wat gebruik word om data grafies voor te stel. Op die oomblik egter, hoef jy slegs te verstaan dat ons datawaardes op die Cartesiese vlak kan voorstel op soortgelyke wyse as waarmee ons grafieke geteken het. As elk van die datastelle in Anscombe se kwartet statisties geanaliseer word, vind ons dat die gemiddelde, variansie, korrelasie en lyne van beste passing (hierdie terme sal in latere grade verduidelik word) identies is. Wanneer ons egter die data, in plaas van om dit statisties te analiseer, eenvoudig stip, kan ons sien dat die datastelle baie van mekaar verskil. Hierdie voorbeeld wys vir ons dat dit baie belangrik is om sowel die onderliggende datastel as die statistiese afleidings in aanmerking te neem. Ons kan nie aanneem dat omdat ons oor die statistieke van 'n datastel beskik, ons noodwendig weet wat die datastel ons vertel nie. Ter wille van interessantheid, word sommige van die wyses waarop statistieke en data verkeerd geïnterpreteer en wanvoorgestel word, in die volgende uitbreiding van die afdeling gegee.

Anscombe's quartet

Misbruik van statistiek - slegs vir verryking

In baie omstandigheide kan groepe voordeel trek daaruit om mense te mislei met die misbruik of wanvoorstelling van statistieke.

Algemene tegnieke wat gebruik word sluit in:

  • Driedimensionele grafieke
  • As wat nie by nul begin nie
  • As sonder skaal
  • Grafiese beelde wat ‘n negatiewe of positiewe neiging suggereer
  • Veronderstelling dat ‘n korrelasie noodwendig ‘n verband uitwys
  • Die gebruik van statistiek wat nie werklik ‘n aanduiding is van die algehele bevolking nie
  • Die gebruik van wanbegripe van wiskundige konsepte

Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
Aislinn Reply
cm
tijani
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John Reply
what is physics
Siyaka Reply
A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
Jude Reply
Can you compute that for me. Ty
Jude
what is the dimension formula of energy?
David Reply
what is viscosity?
David
what is inorganic
emma Reply
what is chemistry
Youesf Reply
what is inorganic
emma
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
Adjei
please, I'm a physics student and I need help in physics
Adjanou
chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.
Pedro
A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
Krampah Reply
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
Sahid Reply
you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
Samuel Reply
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Joseph Reply
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
Joseph
"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
Ryan
what's motion
Maurice Reply
what are the types of wave
Maurice
answer
Magreth
progressive wave
Magreth
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Muhammad Reply
fine, how about you?
Mohammed
hi
Mujahid
A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
yasuo Reply
Who can show me the full solution in this problem?
Reofrir Reply
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Source:  OpenStax, Siyavula textbooks: wiskunde (graad 10) [caps]. OpenStax CNX. Aug 04, 2011 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11328/1.4
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