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Vooroordele en foute

Foute kan insluip by enige data-opnames. Onwillekeurige foute kom voor in alle datastelle en staan soms bekend as nie-sistematiese foute. Onwillekeurige foute kan ontstaan as gevolg van die skatting van datawaardes, onakkuraatheid van instrumente, ens. As jy byvoorbeeld lengtes aflees van 'n liniaal, kan onwillekeurige foute insluip in elke meting as gevolg van die skatting tussen watter twee lyntjies die lengte lê. Wanvoorstellings (vals voorstellings) staan ook soms bekend as sistematiese foute. Wanvoorstellings in 'n datastel kom voor wanneer die datawaardes deurlopend oor- of onderskat word. Wanvoorstellings kan ook ontstaan wanneer korreksiefaktore nie in aanmerking geneem word nie of wanneer instrumente nie behoorlik gekalibreer is nie (kalibrering is die proses waarin instrumente gemerk word volgens vooraf gedefinieërde mate). Wanvoorstellings lei tot die berekening van 'n foutiewe steekproefgemiddelde wat groter of kleiner kan wees as die ware gemiddelde.

Data interpretasie

Baie mense aanvaar statistieke goedsmoeds en pas dit blindweg toe of haal dit aan. Dit is egter nie wys nie want die data wat aanleiding gee tot die statistieke moet noukeurig oorweeg word. 'n Welbekende voorbeeld van verskeie datastelle wat lei na dieselfde statistiese analise (die proses waarin data ondersoek word en maatstawe van sentrale neiging bereken word, ens.) terwyl hulle in der waarheid baie van mekaar verskil, is Anscombe se kwartet. Dit word getoon in [link] . In Graad 11 sal jy metodes bestudeer wat gebruik word om data grafies voor te stel. Op die oomblik egter, hoef jy slegs te verstaan dat ons datawaardes op die Cartesiese vlak kan voorstel op soortgelyke wyse as waarmee ons grafieke geteken het. As elk van die datastelle in Anscombe se kwartet statisties geanaliseer word, vind ons dat die gemiddelde, variansie, korrelasie en lyne van beste passing (hierdie terme sal in latere grade verduidelik word) identies is. Wanneer ons egter die data, in plaas van om dit statisties te analiseer, eenvoudig stip, kan ons sien dat die datastelle baie van mekaar verskil. Hierdie voorbeeld wys vir ons dat dit baie belangrik is om sowel die onderliggende datastel as die statistiese afleidings in aanmerking te neem. Ons kan nie aanneem dat omdat ons oor die statistieke van 'n datastel beskik, ons noodwendig weet wat die datastel ons vertel nie. Ter wille van interessantheid, word sommige van die wyses waarop statistieke en data verkeerd geïnterpreteer en wanvoorgestel word, in die volgende uitbreiding van die afdeling gegee.

Anscombe's quartet

Misbruik van statistiek - slegs vir verryking

In baie omstandigheide kan groepe voordeel trek daaruit om mense te mislei met die misbruik of wanvoorstelling van statistieke.

Algemene tegnieke wat gebruik word sluit in:

  • Driedimensionele grafieke
  • As wat nie by nul begin nie
  • As sonder skaal
  • Grafiese beelde wat ‘n negatiewe of positiewe neiging suggereer
  • Veronderstelling dat ‘n korrelasie noodwendig ‘n verband uitwys
  • Die gebruik van statistiek wat nie werklik ‘n aanduiding is van die algehele bevolking nie
  • Die gebruik van wanbegripe van wiskundige konsepte

Questions & Answers

what does the ideal gas law states
Joy Reply
Three charges q_{1}=+3\mu C, q_{2}=+6\mu C and q_{3}=+8\mu C are located at (2,0)m (0,0)m and (0,3) coordinates respectively. Find the magnitude and direction acted upon q_{2} by the two other charges.Draw the correct graphical illustration of the problem above showing the direction of all forces.
Kate Reply
To solve this problem, we need to first find the net force acting on charge q_{2}. The magnitude of the force exerted by q_{1} on q_{2} is given by F=\frac{kq_{1}q_{2}}{r^{2}} where k is the Coulomb constant, q_{1} and q_{2} are the charges of the particles, and r is the distance between them.
Muhammed
What is the direction and net electric force on q_{1}= 5µC located at (0,4)r due to charges q_{2}=7mu located at (0,0)m and q_{3}=3\mu C located at (4,0)m?
Kate Reply
what is the change in momentum of a body?
Eunice Reply
what is a capacitor?
Raymond Reply
Capacitor is a separation of opposite charges using an insulator of very small dimension between them. Capacitor is used for allowing an AC (alternating current) to pass while a DC (direct current) is blocked.
Gautam
A motor travelling at 72km/m on sighting a stop sign applying the breaks such that under constant deaccelerate in the meters of 50 metres what is the magnitude of the accelerate
Maria Reply
please solve
Sharon
8m/s²
Aishat
What is Thermodynamics
Muordit
velocity can be 72 km/h in question. 72 km/h=20 m/s, v^2=2.a.x , 20^2=2.a.50, a=4 m/s^2.
Mehmet
A boat travels due east at a speed of 40meter per seconds across a river flowing due south at 30meter per seconds. what is the resultant speed of the boat
Saheed Reply
50 m/s due south east
Someone
which has a higher temperature, 1cup of boiling water or 1teapot of boiling water which can transfer more heat 1cup of boiling water or 1 teapot of boiling water explain your . answer
Ramon Reply
I believe temperature being an intensive property does not change for any amount of boiling water whereas heat being an extensive property changes with amount/size of the system.
Someone
Scratch that
Someone
temperature for any amount of water to boil at ntp is 100⁰C (it is a state function and and intensive property) and it depends both will give same amount of heat because the surface available for heat transfer is greater in case of the kettle as well as the heat stored in it but if you talk.....
Someone
about the amount of heat stored in the system then in that case since the mass of water in the kettle is greater so more energy is required to raise the temperature b/c more molecules of water are present in the kettle
Someone
definitely of physics
Haryormhidey Reply
how many start and codon
Esrael Reply
what is field
Felix Reply
physics, biology and chemistry this is my Field
ALIYU
field is a region of space under the influence of some physical properties
Collete
what is ogarnic chemistry
WISDOM Reply
determine the slope giving that 3y+ 2x-14=0
WISDOM
Another formula for Acceleration
Belty Reply
a=v/t. a=f/m a
IHUMA
innocent
Adah
pratica A on solution of hydro chloric acid,B is a solution containing 0.5000 mole ofsodium chlorid per dm³,put A in the burret and titrate 20.00 or 25.00cm³ portion of B using melting orange as the indicator. record the deside of your burret tabulate the burret reading and calculate the average volume of acid used?
Nassze Reply
how do lnternal energy measures
Esrael
Two bodies attract each other electrically. Do they both have to be charged? Answer the same question if the bodies repel one another.
JALLAH Reply
No. According to Isac Newtons law. this two bodies maybe you and the wall beside you. Attracting depends on the mass och each body and distance between them.
Dlovan
Are you really asking if two bodies have to be charged to be influenced by Coulombs Law?
Robert
like charges repel while unlike charges atttact
Raymond
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Source:  OpenStax, Siyavula textbooks: wiskunde (graad 10) [caps]. OpenStax CNX. Aug 04, 2011 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11328/1.4
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