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New control features

FORTRAN 90 includes some new control features, including a conditional assignment primitive called WHERE , that puts shape-conforming array assignments under control of a mask as in the following example. Here's an example of the WHERE primitive:


REAL A(2,2), B(2,2), C(2,2) DATA B/1,2,3,4/, C/1,1,5,5/... WHERE (B .EQ. C)A = 1.0 C = B + 1.0ELSEWHERE A = -1.0ENDWHERE

In places where the logical expression is TRUE , A gets 1.0 and C gets B+1.0 . In the ELSEWHERE clause, A gets -1.0 . The result of the operation above would be arrays A and C with the elements:


A = 1.0 -1.0 C = 2.0 5.0 -1.0 -1.0 1.0 5.0

Again, no order is implied in these conditional assignments, meaning they can be done in parallel. This lack of implied order is critical to allowing SIMD computer systems and SPMD environments to have flexibility in performing these computations.

Automatic and allocatable arrays

Every program needs temporary variables or work space. In the past, FORTRAN programmers have often managed their own scratch space by declaring an array large enough to handle any temporary requirements. This practice gobbles up memory (albeit virtual memory, usually), and can even have an effect on performance. With the ability to allocate memory dynamically, programmers can wait until later to decide how much scratch space to set aside. FORTRAN 90 supports dynamic memory allocation with two new language features: automatic arrays and allocatable arrays.

Like the local variables of a C program, FORTRAN 90's automatic arrays are assigned storage only for the life of the subroutine or function that contains them. This is different from traditional local storage for FORTRAN arrays, where some space was set aside at compile or link time. The size and shape of automatic arrays can be sculpted from a combination of constants and arguments. For instance, here's a declaration of an automatic array, B , using FORTRAN 90's new specification syntax:


SUBROUTINE RELAX(N,A) INTEGER NREAL, DIMENSION (N) :: A, B

Two arrays are declared: A , the dummy argument, and B , an automatic, explicit shape array. When the subroutine returns, B ceases to exist. Notice that the size of B is taken from one of the arguments, N .

Allocatable arrays give you the ability to choose the size of an array after examining other variables in the program. For example, you might want to determine the amount of input data before allocating the arrays. This little program asks the user for the matrix's size before allocating storage:


INTEGER M,N REAL, ALLOCATABLE, DIMENSION (:,:) :: X... WRITE (*,*) 'ENTER THE DIMENSIONS OF X'READ (*,*) M,N ALLOCATE (X(M,N))... do something with X... DEALLOCATE (X)...

The ALLOCATE statement creates an M × N array that is later freed by the DEALLOCATE statement. As with C programs, it's important to give back allocated memory when you are done with it; otherwise, your program might consume all the virtual storage available.

Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
Aislinn Reply
cm
tijani
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John Reply
what is physics
Siyaka Reply
A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
Jude Reply
Can you compute that for me. Ty
Jude
what is the dimension formula of energy?
David Reply
what is viscosity?
David
what is inorganic
emma Reply
what is chemistry
Youesf Reply
what is inorganic
emma
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
Adjei
please, I'm a physics student and I need help in physics
Adjanou
chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.
Pedro
A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
Krampah Reply
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
Sahid Reply
you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
Samuel Reply
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Joseph Reply
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
Joseph
"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
Ryan
what's motion
Maurice Reply
what are the types of wave
Maurice
answer
Magreth
progressive wave
Magreth
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Muhammad Reply
fine, how about you?
Mohammed
hi
Mujahid
A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
yasuo Reply
Who can show me the full solution in this problem?
Reofrir Reply
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Source:  OpenStax, High performance computing. OpenStax CNX. Aug 25, 2010 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11136/1.5
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