<< Chapter < Page Chapter >> Page >

Then add three electrons to the left side to balance the charge:

reduction (balanced): MnO 4 ( a q ) + 4H + ( a q ) + 3e MnO 2 ( s ) + 2H 2 O ( l )

Make sure to check the half-reaction:

Mn: Does ( 1 × 1 ) = ( 1 × 1 ) ? Yes . H: Does ( 4 × 1 ) = ( 2 × 2 ) ? Yes . O: Does ( 1 × 4 ) = ( 1 × 2 + 2 × 1 ) ? Yes . Charge: Does [ 1 × ( −1 ) + 4 × ( +1 ) + 3 × ( −1 ) ] = [ 0 ] ? Yes .

Collecting what we have so far:

oxidation: Cr(OH) 3 ( s ) + H 2 O ( l ) CrO 4 2− ( a q ) + 5H + ( a q ) + 3e reduction: MnO 4 ( a q ) + 4H + ( a q ) + 3e MnO 2 ( s ) + 2H 2 O ( l )

In this case, both half reactions involve the same number of electrons; therefore, simply add the two half-reactions together.

MnO 4 ( a q ) + 4H + ( a q ) + Cr(OH) 3 ( s ) + H 2 O ( l ) CrO 4 2− ( a q ) + MnO 2 ( s ) + 2H 2 O ( l ) + 5H + ( a q )
MnO 4 ( a q ) + Cr(OH) 3 ( s ) CrO 4 2− ( a q ) + MnO 2 ( s ) + H 2 O ( l ) + H + ( a q )

Checking each side of the equation:

Mn: Does ( 1 × 1 ) = ( 1 × 1 ) ? Yes . Cr: Does ( 1 × 1 ) = ( 1 × 1 ) ? Yes . H: Does ( 1 × 3 ) = ( 2 × 1 + 1 × 1 ) ? Yes . O: Does ( 1 × 4 + 1 × 3 ) = ( 1 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1 ) ? Yes . Charge: Does [ 1 × ( −1 ) ] = [ 1 × ( −2 ) + 1 × ( +1 ) ] ? Yes .

This is the balanced equation in acidic solution. For a basic solution, add one hydroxide ion to each side and simplify:

OH ( a q ) + MnO 4 ( a q ) + Cr(OH) 3 ( s ) CrO 4 2− ( a q ) + MnO 2 ( s ) + H 2 O ( l ) + ( H + + OH ) ( a q )
OH ( a q ) + MnO 4 ( a q ) + Cr ( OH ) 3 ( s ) CrO 4 2− ( a q ) + MnO 2 ( s ) + 2H 2 O ( l )

Checking each side of the equation:

Mn: Does ( 1 × 1 ) = ( 1 × 1 ) ? Yes . Cr: Does ( 1 × 1 ) = ( 1 × 1 ) ? Yes . H: Does ( 1 × 1 + 1 × 3 ) = ( 2 × 2 ) ? Yes . O: Does ( 1 × 1 + 1 × 4 + 1 × 3 ) = ( 1 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 2 × 1 ) ? Yes . Charge: Does [ 1 × ( −1 ) + 1 × ( −1 ) ] = [ 1 × ( −2 ) ] ? Yes .

This is the balanced equation in basic solution.

Check your learning

Balance the following in the type of solution indicated.

(a) H 2 + Cu 2+ Cu (acidic solution)

(b) H 2 + Cu(OH) 2 Cu (basic solution)

(c) Fe + Ag + Fe 2+ + Ag

(d) Identify the oxidizing agents in reactions (a), (b), and (c).

(e) Identify the reducing agents in reactions (a), (b), and (c).

Answer:

(a) H 2 ( g ) + Cu 2+ ( a q ) 2 H + ( a q ) + Cu ( s ) ; (b) H 2 ( g ) + Cu(OH) 2 ( s ) 2H 2 O ( l ) + Cu ( s ) ; (c) Fe ( s ) + 2Ag + ( a q ) Fe 2+ ( a q ) + 2Ag ( s ) ; (d) oxidizing agent = species reduced: Cu 2+ , Cu(OH) 2 , Ag + (e) reducing agent = species oxidized: H 2 , H 2 , Fe.

Key concepts and summary

An electric current consists of moving charge. The charge may be in the form of electrons or ions. Current flows through an unbroken or closed circular path called a circuit. The current flows through a conducting medium as a result of a difference in electrical potential between two points in a circuit. Electrical potential has the units of energy per charge. In SI units, charge is measured in coulombs (C), current in amperes ( A = C s ) , and electrical potential in volts ( V = J C ) .

Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and the species that is oxidized is also called the reducing agent. Reduction is the gain of electrons, and the species that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent. Oxidation-reduction reactions can be balanced using the half-reaction method. In this method, the oxidation-reduction reaction is split into an oxidation half-reaction and a reduction half-reaction. The oxidation half-reaction and reduction half-reaction are then balanced separately. Each of the half-reactions must have the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation and show the same total charge on each side of the equation. Charge is balanced in oxidation half-reactions by adding electrons as products; in reduction half-reactions, charge is balanced by adding electrons as reactants. The total number of electrons gained by reduction must exactly equal the number of electrons lost by oxidation when combining the two half-reactions to give the overall balanced equation. Balancing oxidation-reduction reaction equations in aqueous solutions frequently requires that oxygen or hydrogen be added or removed from a reactant. In acidic solution, hydrogen is added by adding hydrogen ion (H + ) and removed by producing hydrogen ion; oxygen is removed by adding hydrogen ion and producing water, and added by adding water and producing hydrogen ion. A balanced equation in basic solution can be obtained by first balancing the equation in acidic solution, and then adding hydroxide ion to each side of the balanced equation in such numbers that all the hydrogen ions are converted to water.

Chemistry end of chapter exercises

If a 2.5 A current is run through a circuit for 35 minutes, how many coulombs of charge moved through the circuit?

5.3 × 10 3 C

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

For the scenario in the previous question, how many electrons moved through the circuit?

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

For each of the following balanced half-reactions, determine whether an oxidation or reduction is occurring.

(a) Fe 3+ + 3e Fe

(b) Cr Cr 3+ + 3e

(c) MnO 4 2− MnO 4 + e

(d) Li + + e Li

(a) reduction; (b) oxidation; (c) oxidation; (d) reduction

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

For each of the following unbalanced half-reactions, determine whether an oxidation or reduction is occurring.

(a) Cl Cl 2

(b) Mn 2+ MnO 2

(c) H 2 H +

(d) NO 3 NO

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Given the following pairs of balanced half-reactions, determine the balanced reaction for each pair of half-reactions in an acidic solution.

(a) Ca Ca 2+ + 2e , F 2 + 2e 2F

(b) Li Li + + e , Cl 2 + 2e 2Cl

(c) Fe Fe 3+ + 3e , Br 2 + 2e 2Br

(d) Ag Ag + + e , MnO 4 + 4H + + 3e MnO 2 + 2H 2 O

(a) F 2 + Ca 2F + Ca 2+ ; (b) Cl 2 + 2Li 2Li + + 2Cl ; (c) 3Br 2 + 2Fe 2Fe 3+ + 6Br ; (d) MnO 4 + 4H + + 3Ag 3Ag + + MnO 2 + 2H 2 O

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Balance the following in acidic solution:

(a) H 2 O 2 + Sn 2+ H 2 O + Sn 4+

(b) PbO 2 + Hg Hg 2 2+ + Pb 2+

(c) Al + Cr 2 O 7 2− Al 3+ + Cr 3+

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Identify the species that undergoes oxidation, the species that undergoes reduction, the oxidizing agent, and the reducing agent in each of the reactions of the previous problem.

Oxidized: (a) Sn 2+ ; (b) Hg; (c) Al; reduced: (a) H 2 O 2 ; (b) PbO 2 ; (c) Cr 2 O 7 2− ; oxidizing agent: (a) H 2 O 2 ; (b) PbO 2 ; (c) Cr 2 O 7 2− ; reducing agent: (a) Sn 2+ ; (b) Hg; (c) Al

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Balance the following in basic solution:

(a) SO 3 2− ( a q ) + Cu(OH) 2 ( s ) SO 4 2− ( a q ) + Cu(OH) ( s )

(b) O 2 ( g ) + Mn(OH) 2 ( s ) MnO 2 ( s )

(c) NO 3 ( a q ) + H 2 ( g ) NO ( g )

(d) Al ( s ) + CrO 4 2− ( a q ) Al(OH) 3 ( s ) + Cr(OH) 4 ( a q )

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Identify the species that was oxidized, the species that was reduced, the oxidizing agent, and the reducing agent in each of the reactions of the previous problem.

Oxidized = reducing agent: (a) SO 3 2− ; (b) Mn(OH) 2 ; (c) H 2 ; (d) Al; reduced = oxidizing agent: (a) Cu(OH) 2 ; (b) O 2 ; (c) NO 3 ; (d) CrO 4 2−

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Why is it not possible for hydroxide ion (OH ) to appear in either of the half-reactions or the overall equation when balancing oxidation-reduction reactions in acidic solution?

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Why is it not possible for hydrogen ion (H + ) to appear in either of the half-reactions or the overall equation when balancing oxidation-reduction reactions in basic solution?

In basic solution, [OH ]>1 × 10 −7 M >[H + ]. Hydrogen ion cannot appear as a reactant because its concentration is essentially zero. If it were produced, it would instantly react with the excess hydroxide ion to produce water. Thus, hydrogen ion should not appear as a reactant or product in basic solution.

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Why must the charge balance in oxidation-reduction reactions?

Got questions? Get instant answers now!

Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
Aislinn Reply
cm
tijani
what is titration
John Reply
what is physics
Siyaka Reply
A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
Jude Reply
Can you compute that for me. Ty
Jude
what is the dimension formula of energy?
David Reply
what is viscosity?
David
what is inorganic
emma Reply
what is chemistry
Youesf Reply
what is inorganic
emma
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
Adjei
please, I'm a physics student and I need help in physics
Adjanou
chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.
Pedro
A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
Krampah Reply
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
Sahid Reply
you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
Samuel Reply
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Joseph Reply
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
Joseph
"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
Ryan
what's motion
Maurice Reply
what are the types of wave
Maurice
answer
Magreth
progressive wave
Magreth
hello friend how are you
Muhammad Reply
fine, how about you?
Mohammed
hi
Mujahid
A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
yasuo Reply
Who can show me the full solution in this problem?
Reofrir Reply
Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!
Jobilize.com Reply
Practice Key Terms 6

Get Jobilize Job Search Mobile App in your pocket Now!

Get it on Google Play Download on the App Store Now




Source:  OpenStax, Ut austin - principles of chemistry. OpenStax CNX. Mar 31, 2016 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11830/1.13
Google Play and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google Inc.

Notification Switch

Would you like to follow the 'Ut austin - principles of chemistry' conversation and receive update notifications?

Ask