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1.12 Reaction stoichiometry  (Page 3/6)

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This flowchart shows 10 rectangles connected by double headed arrows. To the upper left, a rectangle is shaded lavender and is labeled, “Volume of pure substance A.” This rectangle is followed by a horizontal double headed arrow labeled, “Density.” It connects to a second rectangle which is shaded yellow and is labeled, “Mass of A.” This rectangle is followed by a double headed arrow which is labeled, “Molar Mass,” that connects to a third rectangle which is shaded pink and is labeled, “Moles of A.” To the left of this rectangle is a horizontal double headed arrow labeled, “Molarity,” which connects to a lavender rectangle which is labeled, “Volume of solution A.” The pink, “Moles of A,” rectangle is also connected with a double headed arrow below and to the left. This arrow is labeled “Avogadro’s number.” It connects to a green shaded rectangle that is labeled, “Number of particles of A.” To the right of the pink “Moles of A,” rectangle is a horizontal double headed arrow which is labeled, “Stoichiometric factor.” It connects to a second pink rectangle which is labeled, “Moles of B.” A double headed arrow which is labeled, “Molar mass,” extends from the top of this rectangle above and to the right to a yellow shaded rectangle labeled, “Mass of B.” A horizontal double headed arrow which is labeled, “Density” links to a lavender rectangle labeled, “Volume of substance B,” to the right. A horizontal double headed arrow labeled, “Molarity,” extends right to the of the pink “Moles of B” rectangle. This arrow connects to a lavender rectangle that is labeled, “Volume of substance B.” Another double headed arrow extends below and to the right of the pink “Moles of B” rectangle. This arrow is labeled “Avogadro’s number,” and it extends to a green rectangle which is labeled, “Number of particles of B.”
The flowchart depicts the various computational steps involved in most reaction stoichiometry calculations.

Airbags

Airbags ( [link] ) are a safety feature provided in most automobiles since the 1990s. The effective operation of an airbag requires that it be rapidly inflated with an appropriate amount (volume) of gas when the vehicle is involved in a collision. This requirement is satisfied in many automotive airbag systems through use of explosive chemical reactions, one common choice being the decomposition of sodium azide, NaN 3 . When sensors in the vehicle detect a collision, an electrical current is passed through a carefully measured amount of NaN 3 to initiate its decomposition:

2 NaN 3 ( s ) ⟶ 3 N 2 ( g ) + 2 Na ( s )

This reaction is very rapid, generating gaseous nitrogen that can deploy and fully inflate a typical airbag in a fraction of a second (~0.03–0.1 s). Among many engineering considerations, the amount of sodium azide used must be appropriate for generating enough nitrogen gas to fully inflate the air bag and ensure its proper function. For example, a small mass (~100 g) of NaN 3 will generate approximately 50 L of N 2 .

This photograph shows the inside of an automobile from the driver’s side area. The image shows inflated airbags positioned just in front of the driver’s and passenger’s seats and along the length of the passenger side over the windows. A large, round airbag covers the steering wheel.
Airbags deploy upon impact to minimize serious injuries to passengers. (credit: Jon Seidman)

Key concepts and summary

A balanced chemical equation may be used to describe a reaction’s stoichiometry (the relationships between amounts of reactants and products). Coefficients from the equation are used to derive stoichiometric factors that subsequently may be used for computations relating reactant and product masses, molar amounts, and other quantitative properties.

Chemistry end of chapter exercises

Write the balanced equation, then outline the steps necessary to determine the information requested in each of the following:

(a) The number of moles and the mass of chlorine, Cl 2 , required to react with 10.0 g of sodium metal, Na, to produce sodium chloride, NaCl.

(b) The number of moles and the mass of oxygen formed by the decomposition of 1.252 g of mercury(II) oxide.

(c) The number of moles and the mass of sodium nitrate, NaNO 3 , required to produce 128 g of oxygen. (NaNO 2 is the other product.)

(d) The number of moles and the mass of carbon dioxide formed by the combustion of 20.0 kg of carbon in an excess of oxygen.

(e) The number of moles and the mass of copper(II) carbonate needed to produce 1.500 kg of copper(II) oxide. (CO 2 is the other product.)

(f) This figure includes two structural formulas. It reads, “The number of moles and the mass of,” which is followed by a structure with two C atoms bonded with a single horizontal at the center. Both C atoms have H atoms bonded above and below. The C atom to the left has a B r atom bonded to its left. The C atom to the right has a B r atom bonded to its right. Following this structure, the figure reads, “formed by the reaction of 12.85 g of,” which is followed by a structure with two C atoms connected with a horizontal double bond. The C atom to the left has H atoms bonded above and to the left and below and to the left. The C atom to the right has H atoms bonded above and to the right and below and to the right. The figure ends with, “with an excess of B r subscript 2.”

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Determine the number of moles and the mass requested for each reaction in [link] .

(a) 0.435 mol Na, 0.217 mol Cl 2 , 15.4 g Cl 2 ; (b) 0.005780 mol HgO, 2.890 × 10 −3 mol O 2 , 9.248 × 10 −2 g O 2 ; (c) 8.00 mol NaNO 3 , 6.8 × 10 2 g NaNO 3 ; (d) 1665 mol CO 2 , 73.3 kg CO 2 ; (e) 18.86 mol CuO, 2.330 kg CuCO 3 ; (f) 0.4580 mol C 2 H 4 Br 2 , 86.05 g C 2 H 4 Br 2

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Write the balanced equation, then outline the steps necessary to determine the information requested in each of the following:

(a) The number of moles and the mass of Mg required to react with 5.00 g of HCl and produce MgCl 2 and H 2 .

(b) The number of moles and the mass of oxygen formed by the decomposition of 1.252 g of silver(I) oxide.

(c) The number of moles and the mass of magnesium carbonate, MgCO 3 , required to produce 283 g of carbon dioxide. (MgO is the other product.)

(d) The number of moles and the mass of water formed by the combustion of 20.0 kg of acetylene, C 2 H 2 , in an excess of oxygen.

(e) The number of moles and the mass of barium peroxide, BaO 2 , needed to produce 2.500 kg of barium oxide, BaO (O 2 is the other product.)

(f) This figure includes two structural formulas. It reads, “The number of moles and the mass of,” which is followed by a structure with two C atoms connected with a horizontal double bond at the center. The C atom to the left has H atoms bonded above and to the left and below and to the left. The C atom to the right has H atoms bonded above and to the right and below and to the right. Following this structure, the figure reads, “required to react with H subscript 2 O to produce 9.55 g of,” which is followed by a structure with two C atoms connected with a horizontal single bond. The C atom to the left has H atoms bonded above, to the left, and below. The C atom to the right has H atoms bonded above and below. To the right, an O atom forms a single bond with the C atom. A single H atom is bonded to the right side of the O atom.

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Source:  OpenStax, Ut austin - principles of chemistry. OpenStax CNX. Mar 31, 2016 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11830/1.13
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